HALOGEN

By :
Dara Maulina
Dewi Yulia Fonna
Diena Asyifa
Dirayati
Faizah Muna Nabila
Navizatur Rahmi
Rizki Wiguna
Uci Sulfia
Uswatun Hasanah

Inorganic chemistry

Halogens

Halogens
Introduction
Physical properties

Chemical properties
Reaction
Extraction of the halogens
Uses

Introduction

Halogens are group of non metalic elements that are placed in

group 17 of the periodic table. The halogen element are flourine (F),
chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), astatine (At). They were given
the name of halogen from the greek roots hal (salt) and gen ( to
produce) because they all produce sodium salts.
The percentages halogen elements in the earth that have
combined in the igneous rock :
Flourine : 0,06
Chlorine :0,031
Bromine and iodine : 0,00003
Astatine does not occur in nature because they consist only short
lived radioactive isotopes .

Halogens are in group 7 of the periodic table, on the right.

7
H
Li

He
Be

Ne

Na Mg

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se

Br

Kr

Xe

Ca Sc

Rb Sr

Ti

Cr Mn Fe Co

Ni

Zr

Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

In

Sn Sb Te

Cs Ba La

Hf

Ta

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

Fr Ra Ac

Rf

Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg

Re Os

Ir

Pt

Au Hg
?

All halogens have 7 electrons in their outer shell.

This means that:
fluorine
2,7

chlorine
2,8,7

bromine
2,8,8,7

They can easily obtain a full outer shell by

gaining 1 electron.

They all gain an electron in reactions to

form negative ions with a -1 charge.

They have similar chemical properties.

All halogens are reactive, and the reactivity decreases down the group. What is
the reason for this?

decrease in reactivity

F
Cl
Br

The size of each elements

atoms, and the number of full
electron shells, increases down
the group.
This means that, down the
group, the outer shell gets
further away from the nucleus
and is shielded by more electron
shells.
The further the outer shell is
from the positive attraction of
the nucleus, the harder it is to
attract another electron.
This means that reactivity
decreases with the size of the
atom.

All halogen atoms require one more electron to obtain a full outer shell and
become stable.
Each atom can achieve this by sharing one electron with another atom to form a
single covalent bond.

This means that all halogens exist as diatomic molecules:

F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2.

Physical properties
All halogens are:
non-metals and so do not conduct electricity;
brittle;
poisonous and smelly.
They become darker in colour down the group:
fluorine is pale yellow
chlorine is green-yellow
bromine is red-brown
iodine is blue-black

The melting and boiling points of halogens increase down the group, as the
molecules become bigger.

Halogen

Relative size

Boilin
g
Density Electron
point
(kg/m3) egativity
(C)

State

-220

118

1,696

3,98

gas

-101

-34

3,214

3,16

gas

-7

59

3,119

2,96

liquid

114

184

4,930

2,66

solid

Melting
point
(C)

Chemical Properties
1. Oxidising agent
Increasing oxidising ability

The most characteristic chemical feature of the halogens is

their ability to oxidise. Fluorine has the strongest oxidising
ability, so other elements which combine with fluorine have
their highest possible oxidation number.
Chlorine is the next strongest oxidising agent, but it can be
prepared by chemical oxidation. Most elements react directly
with chlorine.
bromine and iodine, with decreasing reactivity going down
the Group, but often the reaction must be activated by heat or
UV light.

Halogen

Electronegativity

4,0

Cl

3,0

Br

2,8

2,5

At

2,2

The electronegativity of
Halogens are decreases
down the group.

3. Electron afinity
Decreases down the group

2. Electronegativity

halogen

Electron afinity

-328,0

Cl

-349,0

Br

-324,6

-295,2

At

-270,1

The electron afinity of

Halogens are decreases down
the group.

4. Hydrogen halides
Halogen reacts with another element to form a binary
compound. More relevant to look at the hydrogen
halides, a halogen reacts with hydrogen to form a halide
HX, like HF, HCl, HBr, HI.

5. Halogen Oxoacids
A halogen oxoacids is an acid which has hydrogen,
oxygen, and halogen atoms. Halogen oxoacids
demonstrate that the acidity canbe found by analyzing
their structures. The halogen oxoacids consisst of the
following : HClO2, HOBr.

Reaction
The reactivity of halogens decreases down the group. This can be demonstrated
by comparing how they react with hydrogen.

decrease in reactivity

Halogen

Reactivity with hydrogen

Reacts instantly, even at -200 C.
Reacts slowly in the dark. Explodes in the light.
Needs heating to +200 C in order to react.
Does not react completely, even at 500 C.

Halides
When halogens react with another substance, they become ions. When this
happens, they are called halides.
The name of the halogens change slightly once they have reacted instead of
ending with ine, they end with -ide.

Halogen

reaction

Halide

Displacement reactions
If a halogen is added to a solution of a compound containing a less reactive
halogen, it will react with the compound and form a new one. This is called
displacement.

fluorine

sodium
chloride

F2 (aq)

2NaCl (aq)

sodium
fluoride

chlorine

2NaF (aq)

Cl2 (aq)

A more reactive halogen will always displace a less reactive halide from its
compounds in solution.

Displacement of halogens
Why will a halogen always displace a less reactive halogen?

Displacement theory
If a metal halide is mixed with a more reactive halogen,
the extra electron will be transferred from the less reactive to the more reactive
halogen.

+
sodium

chloride

Na

Cl

chlorine

fluorine

fluoride

Displacement reactions:
summary
The reactions between solutions of halogens and metal halides (salts) can be
summarised in a table:

halogen
chlorine

bromine

iodine

potassium
chloride

potassium
bromide

2KCl + Br2

no reaction

no reaction

no reaction

potassium
2KCl + I2
iodide

2KCl + I2

2KBr + I2

salt (aq)

Reactions of halogens with

metals
The reactivity of halogens means that they readily react with most metals.
Halogens need to gain electrons for a full electron shell and metals need to
lose electrons for a full electron shell.
This means that halogens and metals react to form ionic compounds. These
are metal halides, which are a type of salt.
Chlorine reacts vigorously with iron after gentle heating, despite irons low
reactivity.

chlorine
3Cl2 (g)

+
+

iron

iron (III)
chloride

2Fe (s)

2FeCl3 (s)

More reactions of halogens

with metals
Bromine reacts readily with iron when heated constantly.

bromine

iron

iron (III)
bromide

3Br2 (g)

2Fe (s)

2FeBr3 (s)

Iodine reacts slowly with iron when heated constantly.

iodine

3I2 (g)

iron
2Fe (s)

iron (III)
iodide

2FeI3 (s)

Reactions of halogens with

non-metals
Halogens also react with non-metals.
For example, halogens react with hydrogen to create hydrogen halides.
hydrogen
chloride
hydrogen

H
H

Cl

Cl

chlorine

Cl2 (g) + H2 (g) 2HCl(g)

Unlike their reactions with metals, halogens share electrons with non-metals, and
so react to form covalent compounds.
All hydrogen halides are gases. They dissolve easily in water and become
strong acids.

Extraction of halogen
A. Fluorine
flourine can be extraxted by reacting CaF2 with
concentrated sulfuric acid to give an aqueous mixture
of HF
CaF2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2HF

This mixture is distiled to obtain liquid anhydrous HF.

KF + HF K[HF2]
the a cooled solution of K[HF2] is electrolyzed giving H2
and F2
HF + K[HF2] electrolyzed H2 + F2

B. Chlorine
Chlorine can be extracted by:
1. Electrolysis of NaCl by diaphragm
2NaCl(aq) + H2O(aq) 2NaOH(aq) + H2 (g) + Cl2 (g)
2.

Reaction of hydrochloric acid and manganese oxide

4HCl(aq) + MnO2(s) MnCl2(l) + 2H2O (l) + Cl2(g)

C. Bromine
extraction bromine from the sea (e.g : from the irish sea) which is
done in 4 stages
1. oxidation of bromide ions Br- to bromine Br2
filtred sea water is acidified with sulphuric acid
Increasing H+
excess chlorine added to displace the bromine
Cl2(aq) + 2Br-(aq) 2Cl-(aq) + Br2(aq)

2. Removal of bromine vapor

air is blown through which extract the easily vaporized bromine. The
gas is passed through a solution of sodium carbonate
3Br2 + 3Na2CO3 NaBr + NaBrO3 + 3CO2

5NaBr + NaBrO3 + H2SO4 5HBr + HBrO3 + 3Na2SO4

5HBr + HBrO3 3Br2 + 3H2O

4. Iodine
iodine is produced in a way similar to the extraction of Br2. iodine is
produce by passing chlorine gas through water containing salt ion
2I-(aq) + Cl2(q) 2Cl-(aq)+ I2(g)

Uses of fluorine
Toothpaste,
to prevent tooth decay
NaF

Fluoridation of water, to
prevent tooth decay

fluorine
and its
compounds
Polymers,
e.g. Teflon for
non-stick pans

Processing uranium
nuclear fuel LiF

Uses of chlorine
MgCl2 as a ice breaker

Treatment of drinking
water HClO

Antiseptics and
disinfectants Cl2

chlorine
and its
compounds

Bleach to kill bacteria and to

make paper white NaClO

Chlorinated carbon compounds,

e.g. solvents and plastics (PVC)
CCl2F2

Uses of bromine and iodine

Leaded petrol

Medicines

bromine
and its
compounds

Photography
KBr, NH4Br
and AgBr

iodine
and its
compounds

Animal feed
supplements

Agriculture

Antiseptics and water

purification tablets