STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

CONTENTS
MEASURES OF VARIATION

STANDARD DEVIATION
VARIANCE
COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION
STANDARD ERROR

Friday, November 28,

2014

WHAT IS STATISTICS?
Statistics is the study of methods and procedures for
collecting, classifying, summarizing and analyzing data
and for making scientific inferences from such data.

Friday, November 28,

2014

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

It is to find whether the effect produced by a

compound under study is genuine & not due to chance.

Analysis usually attaches a test of statistical

significance.

First step is to test the null hypothesis i.e..,

hypothesis of no difference between the two groups is
not significant

Friday, November 28,

2014

STANDARD DEVIATION

Is used to show scatter of individual

measurement around the mean. Is calculated
in following way:
Find out mean X of observation (x)
Find out deviation value from mean (X-x)
Each deviation is squared (X-X)2and values are
added i.e. (X-X)2
Calculate the variance by dividing this sum by
number (n) of observation minus one,i.e.,(n-1)
variance =
(X-X)2/N-1
Square root of variance gives standard deviation

(X-x)2/N-1

Friday, November 28,

2014

X-x

(X-x)2

101.8

103

-1.2

1.44

103.2

103

0.2

0.04

104

103

10

102.5

103

-0.5

0.25

103.5

103

0.5

0.25

X= 515

X = 103

(X-x)2

(X-x)2/N-1

Friday, November 28,

2014

MEASURES OF VARIATION
It helps to study the important
characteristics of distribution
i.e.., the extent to which items
vary from one another & from
central value. EXAMPLE

A measure of variation is that

measure the extent to which
there are difference between
the individual observation &
some central or average value

Friday, November 28,

2014

Series A SERIES B SERIES C

100

100

100

105

489

100

102

100

103

100
500

90
500

5
500

Variance
It is the square root of S.D .
It is represented by S2

S2 = (X-x)2 / N-1

Friday, November 28,

2014

COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION
It is described as relative variation rather as an absolute
variation
S.D
Relative variability =

X
S.D Standard deviation

X - Mean
The above is expressed as % & is called as coefficient
of variation
Friday, November 28,
2014

STANDARD ERROR
S.D of mean commonly known
as standard error of mean.
Mean potencies of 5 sets of
100 tablets selected from a
production batch.
Mean
tablet
potency
is
100.23mg & S.D is 3.687.
S.D of beside 5 tablets is
0.43%.
S.D
of
means
will
be
considerably smaller than S.D
calculated from 100 tablets

Friday, November 28,

2014

Sample Mean potency

1

99.84

100.23

100.50

100.96

100.07

Contd..,
Statistical theory shows that standard deviation of mean
values i.e..

Sx = S.D / N
S.D of mean for the potencies of 100 tablets is estimated
as S/N = 3.687/100 = 0.3687.
S.D of mean is smaller than S.D of individual data.

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2014

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REFERENCE
Pharmaceutical statistics,practical & clinical applications
Bhaskarrao,Methods in biostatistics, 2nd edition, Paras
pub; 119.
Remington, The science and practise of pharmacy by
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 20th Edition, Vol 1
Ghosh
M.N.
Fundamentals
Of
Experimental
Pharmacology.3rd
edition,
Kolkata:Hiltan
&
company;2007:
Kulkarni S.K. Hand Book Of
experimental
pharmacology.3rd edition, Delhi:vallabh prakasan;2007:
172-89.
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2014

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