HEAT AND MASS

TRANSFER

1.Heat and Mass Transfer a Practical Approach by Cengel

2.Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Incropera
3.Heat Transfer by Holman
4.Transport Phenomenon by Bird

Course Out Line

1. BASICS OF HEAT TRANSFER
1. Relationship between Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
2. Heat Transfer Mechanisms
1. Conduction
1. Thermal Conductivity
2. Thermal Diffusivity
2. Convection
3. Radiation
3. Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms
4. The conduction equation in different coordinates with and
without heat generation
1. The various forms of the conduction equation
2. Heat generation effects and its calculations
3. Boundary conditions required for the solution of
conduction equation
4. Case studies of various 1D steady state conduction
equation with and without heat generation
5. The effect of variable thermal conductivity on conduction
heat transfer

Course Out Line, contd..

2. STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION
1. Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls
2. The Thermal Resistance Concept
3. Thermal Resistance Network
4. Multilayer Plane Walls
5. Thermal Contact Resistance
6. Generalized Thermal Resistance Networks
7. Heat Conduction in Cylinders and Spheres
8. Multilayered Cylinders and Spheres
1. Critical Radius of Insulation
9. Enhancement in Conduction Heat Transfer
1. Heat Transfer from Finned Surface
2. Fin Equation
3. Fin Efficiency
4. Fin Effectiveness
5. Proper Length of a Fin

Course Out Line, contd..

3. TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION
1. Lumped System Analysis
2. Criteria for Lumped System Analysis
3. Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long
Cylinders, and Spheres with Spatial Effects
4. Transient Heat Conduction in Semi-Infinite Solids
5. Transient Heat Conduction in Multidimensional Systems
4. FUNDAMENTALS OF CONVECTION
1. Physical Mechanism on Convection
2. Velocity Boundary Layer
3. Thermal Boundary Layer
4. Laminar and Turbulent Flows
5. Heat and Momentum Transfer in Turbulent Flow
6. Relationship between Fluid friction and heat transfer
7. Differential Convection Equations
8. Dimensionless form of the convection equation
9. Nusselt, Prandtle & Reynolds Numbers & their importance

Course Out Line, contd..

4. FUNDAMENTALS OF CONVECTION, contd..
10. General Thermal Analysis
11. Constant Surface Heat Flux (qs constant)
12. Constant Surface Temperature (Ts _ constant)
13. Laminar Flow in Tubes
14. Pressure Drop, Temperature Profile and the Nusselt
Number
15. Laminar Flow in Noncircular Tubes
16. Developing Laminar Flow in the Entrance Region
17. Turbulent Flow in Tubes
1. Rough Surfaces
2. Developing Turbulent Flow in the Entrance Region
3. Turbulent Flow in Noncircular Tubes
18. Flow through Tube Annulus
19. Heat Transfer Enhancement

Course Out Line, contd..

5. EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION
1. Empirical and Practical Correlations for External and
internal Forced Convection heat transfer for
1. Parallel Flow over Flat Plates
2. Flow across Cylinders and Spheres
3. Flow across Tube Banks
6. NATURAL CONVECTION
1. Physical Mechanism of Natural Convection
2. Equation of Motion and the Grashof Number
3. Empirical correlations for free convection over
1. Vertical / Horizontal Plates and cylinders
2. Spheres
3. Specific empirical correlations for Air

Course Out Line, contd..

7. BOILING AND CONDENSATION
1. Boiling Heat Transfer
1. Pool Boiling
2. Boiling Regimes and the Boiling Curve
3. Heat Transfer Correlations in Pool Boiling
4. Flow Boiling
2. Introductory Condensation Heat Transfer
3. Film-wise and Drop-wise Condensation
8. RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
1. Introduction to radiation heat transfer
2. Thermal Radiation
3. Blackbody Radiation
4. Radiation Intensity
5. Radiative Properties
1. Emissivity
2. Absorptivity, Reflectivity, and Transmissivity
6. Kirchhoffs Law

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8. RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER, contd..
7. The View Factor
8. View Factor Relations
9. Radiation Heat Transfer: Black Surfaces
10. Radiation Heat Transfer: Gray Surfaces
11. Radiation Shields and the Radiation Effect
12. Radiation Effect on Temperature Measurements
9. HEAT EXCHANGERS
1. Types of Heat Exchangers
2. The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
3. Fouling Factor
4. Analysis of Heat Exchangers
5. The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method
6. Types of flows in Heat Exchangers
7. Design Methods of Heat Exchangers
8. Selection of Heat Exchangers

Course Out Line, contd..

10. MASS TRANSFER
1. Introduction
2. Analogy between Heat and Mass Transfer
3. Mass Diffusion
4. Ficks Law of Diffusion:
1. Stationary Medium Consisting of 2 Species
2. Boundary Conditions
3. Case Studies
5. Diffusion in a Moving Medium
6. Equi-molar Counter diffusion
7. Mass Convection
8. Analogy between Friction, Heat Transfer & Mass Transfer
Coefficients
9. Mass Convection Relations
10. Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer

MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

Three modes of heat transfer

Conduction

Convection
Forced

Heat is transferred
due to temperature
gradient

If the fluid is forced,

forced convection

Radiation
Natural

Heat is transferred
by the motion of the
fluid

Only occur at
high temperature

If the motion of the fluid is

induced by the temperature,
natural convection

HEAT CONDUCTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Points to Remember
Transfer occurs due to the pure random motion of the
molecules at molecular level only
Simplest among the three modes of heat transfer.
It occurs in all three phases of matter (gas, liquid and
solid).
In solids, it is the only mechanism of heat transfer.
The driving force for the heat conduction is the
temperature gradient, that is whenever a gradient in
temperature exists there exists a conductive heat flow.

Note:

The heat flow is measured as the amount of

energy transferred through any given plane
per unit area per unit time, The HEAT FLUX.

Surface Energy Balance

Consider heat flow from hot wall of a house in winter

By conduction
Conducted heat is
through the wall
Convected away
to the outer
surface of wall Forced
Natural

Heat is transferred
due to temperature
gradient

If wind is blowing

Heat is transferred
by the motion of the
fluid

Conducted
heat is also
radiated away

Only significant
at high
temperature

If no wind is blowing

Surface Energy Balance

OVER ALL STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER
(Law of Conservation of Energy)
Heat in = Heat out : In steady state conditions
Heat conducted through wall = heat convected + Heat radiated
Qcond = Qcov + Qrad = Qgained/lost (very very important)

OVER ALL STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER

Heat generated = Heat in = Heat out : In steady state conditions
Heat generated =Heat conducted through wall = heat convected + Heat
radiated

Qgen = Qcond = Qcov + Qrad = Qgained/lost (very very important)

OVER ALL TRANSIENT STATE HEAT TRANSFER

Heat in Heat out : In transient conditions
Heat in = Heat stored heat conducted and/or convected and/or
radiated

HEAT CONDUCTION, contd. -2

From our experience we know the following facts

Direction of heat transfer

T1

To

Cross sectional area

z, thickness

HEAT CONDUCTION, contd. -3

Experience shows that Conductive heat flux
heat flux: energy/area/time

Property of material through

which the heat is conducted:
Thermal conductivity

T T
q k 1 o
z

Point wise:
dT
q k

dz

Negative sign:
Heat is moving in the direction of
negative temperature gradient

Temperature gradient

Fouriers law
The fundamental equation
in heat conduction

HEAT CONDUCTION, contd. -4

Heat flux as a vector
z
q

dT
dz

Plane A

Thermal conductivity
at the plane A, k

Temperature is a scalar, while

heat flux is a vector

HEAT CONDUCTION, contd. -4

Cartesian Components of the Heat Flux Vector

qx k x

dT

dx

qy k y

dT

dy

qz k z

For isotropic materials,

kx = ky = kz = k
the heat flux vector will become:

T T
T
i
j
k
Where q qxi q y j qz k k
y
z
x
q k T
and

i+
j+
k
x
y
z
Grad operator

dT

dz

MOMENTUM vs HEAT , Similarity & differences

qy k y

dT

dy

Heat / momentum
flux

Driving Force

yx

dv x

dy

Property of Material

REMEMBER
There are three components of the HEAT FLUX VECTOR
What about the HEAT FLUX VECTOR accompanied by the
three dimensional VELOCITY VECTOR

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Property of material through which the heat is conducted
Units: W/m/K

In general, ksolid > kliquid > kgas

Materials

Thermal conductivity

Hydrogen @ 100K

0.067

Water @ 293K

0.600

Liquid sodium @373K

83.70

Aluminum

206.0

Insulating materials have low k

Materials

Thermal conductivity

Glass @ 298K

1.00

Brick @ 293K

0.6 1.00

Glass wool @298K

0.07

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, contd. -2

Temperature dependence:
Gas

Liquid

Solid

Temperature

Gas: k increases with temperature

Liquid: no general rule; e.g. k of alcohols, benzene, toluene
decrease with T, while k of glycerin, ethylene glycol increase with T
Solid: also no general rule; e.g. k of polyethylene, polypropylene,
PTFE decrease with T, while those of insulation materials
increase with T

Pressure dependence:
Fairly independent of pressure

CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

A mode of energy/heat transfer between
1. A solid surface and the adjacent fluid that is in motion
2. It involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion
1. Faster the fluid motion, the greater the convection heat transfer.
2. No bulk fluid motion, heat transfer between a solid surface and
the adjacent fluid is by pure conduction.
3. Bulk motion of the fluid enhances the heat transfer between the
solid surface and the fluid but the bulk motion complicates the
determination of heat transfer rates
Forced Convection: When the fluid is forced to flow over the surface
by external means such as a fan, pump, or the wind
Natural (or Free) Convection: When the fluid motion is caused by
buoyancy forces that are induced by density differences due to the
variation of temperature in the fluid
Convection heat transfer is observed to be proportional to the
temperature difference, and is given by Newtons law of cooling as

Qconv = (k/x) Awall (Twall Tbulk)

or

qconv = h (Twall Tbulk)

CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

THE CONDUCTION EQUATION

The conduction equation
describes the thermal energy
transport by conduction
through an homogeneous solid.
A thermal energy balance
without any source term can be
written as
Net Rate of

accumulation

=
of internal Energy

Net Rate of internal and

addition by molecular motion

(conduction)

Net Rate of thermal

energy
generation

with in the CV

Internal energy: is energy associated with the random

translational and internal motions of the molecules plus the
energy of interaction between the molecules

THE ENERGY EQUATION, -3

The case of No thermal energy generation
Accumulation
Volume of element

Internal Energy per unit mass

xyz U
Net Energy Addition by Conduction

yz qx x qx x x xz q y q y y y xy qz z qz z z
, , are components of the heat flux vector
Putting all those terms into the shell energy balance equation,
then dividing by xyz, we get the following energy balance
equation per unit volume:

THE ENERGY EQUATION, -6

Accumulation

q x q y q z

U q
t

Conduction

q k T

U 2 kT
t
rate of gain of internal energy per unit
volume

rate of energy input per

unit volume by conduction

THE ENERGY EQUATION -7

1. Equations written in terms of internal energy (often difficult to
measure in an experiment) are not directly too useful.
2. One prefers equations written in terms of temperature and heat
capacities (usually easier to measure in an experiment.
From thermodynamics:

U
U
p
dU
dv
dT p T dv Cv dT
v T
T v
T v

In solids
1. pressure remains constant
2. specific volume remains constant
3. Cv Cp

dU C p dT

For solid, Liquid and gases if pressure is constant

T
C p
k 2T
t

1
k

C p

T
2T
t

1 T
2T
t

SOURCE TERMS
There is thermal energy generation with in the solid
Energy production can be due to:
1. Chemical reaction
2. Electrical heat
3. Viscous dissipation (degradation of mechanical energy)
4. Nuclear Reactions
Each energy production will be calculated as per its own physics
However, it must have the same consistent dimensions as that of
the original equation i.e energy per unit volume :

.
energy production per unit volume g
.
1 T g
2T
t k

The Conduction Equation with

Thermal Energy Generation

Energy Equation In Different Coordinate

2
2
2

T
2
T 2 2 2
y
z
x
2
2
2

T
1

T
1

T
2
T 2
2 2 2
r r r
z
r
2
2
2

T
2

T
1

T
1

T
1

T
2
T 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
r r r tan r
r sin
r

g
T 0 Poisson Equation
k
g 1 T
2
T
Diffusion or Fourier Biot Equation
k t
2

2T 0

Laplace Equation

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
1. Temperature is specified. This is BC of first kind (Dirichlet BC)
2. At the bounding surface, the heat flux equals to the flux supplied.
Boundary condition of the second kind (Neumann BC).
1.

Insulated Boundary

T 0, t
T 0, t
0
0
x
x

T L 2, t
T L 2, t
k
0
0
x
x
3. At the bounding surface, heat flux entering the domain equals the heat flux
across the thin film surrounding the object. BC of the 3rd kind (Robin BC).
2.

Thermal Symmetry

Concept of heat transfer coefficient

T L, t
T 0, t

k
h2 T L, t T 2
k
h1 T1 T 0, t
x
x
T L, t
4
T 0, t
4
4
4

T
L
,
t

k
1 Tsurr ,1 T 0, t
2
surr ,2
x
x
4. At the interface between the two domains, the temperatures and the heat
fluxes of those domains are continuous. BC of the fourth kind.

Special Forms of Conduction Equation

Steady state conduction without any thermal energy generation
in 3D

2T 0

in 1D (Cartesian)

d 2T
0
2
dx

Steady state conduction with thermal energy generation

.
g
in 3D 2T 0
k

in 1D (Cartesian)

.
d 2T g
0
2
dx
k

Transient conduction without thermal energy generation

1 T
in 3D 2T
t

in 1D (Cartesian)

2T 1 T

2
x
t

Transient conduction with thermal energy generation

in 3D

.
g
1 T
2
T
k t

.
2T g 1 T
in 1D (Cartesian)

2
x
k t

Special Forms of Conduction Equation

Steady state conduction without any thermal energy generation
in 3D

2T 0

1 d dT
in 1D (cylindrical)
r
r dr dr

2
d T 1 dT
0
2
r dr
dr

Steady state conduction with thermal energy generation

.
g
in 3D 2T 0
k

1 d dT
in 1D (cylindrical)
r
r dr dr

.
g

0
k

Transient conduction without thermal energy generation

1 T
in 3D T
t
2

in 1D (cylindrical)

1 d dT
r
r dr dr

1 T

Transient conduction with thermal energy generation

.
g 1 T
in 3D 2T
k t

.
1 d dT g 1 T
in 1D (cylindrical)
r

r dr dr k t

Special Forms of Conduction Equation

Steady state conduction without any thermal energy generation
in 3D

T 0
2

1 d 2 dT d 2T 2 dT
in 1D (spherical)
0
r
2
2
r dr dr dr
r dr

Steady state conduction with thermal energy generation

.
g
in 3D 2T 0
k

.
1 d 2 dT g
in 1D (spherical) 2
r
0
r dr dr k

Transient conduction without thermal energy generation

1 T
in 3D T
t
2

1 d 2 dT 1 T
in 1D (spherical) 2
r

r dr dr t

Transient conduction with thermal energy generation

.
g 1 T
in 3D 2T
k t

.
1 d 2 dT g 1 T
in 1D (spherical) 2
r

r dr dr k t

Steady state heat Conduction in slab

constant
cross section
area, A

thin shell

energy in

energy out

no heat production

z z+z

T 0
2

k is constant

in 1D (Cartesian)

d 2T
k 2 0
dz

Steady state

d 2T
0
2
dz

k is temperature
dependent

d
dT
k
T
0

dz
dz

Steady state heat Conduction in slab, contd. -3

Physical constraint on the boundary
Boundary conditions of the first kind.

Temperature distribution
T z To z

TL T0
L

Temperature distribution is
linear (only valid for constant k
and slab geometry).

Steady state heat Conduction in slab, contd. -4

Heat flux
Apply the Fouriers law;

Be Very Careful and Remember

1. that the heat flux in general is a function of z
2. So to calculate the heat flux, you first decide
1. where do we evaluate the heat flux at?
2. At z=0 or z=L ?
Fourier law

dT
q k

dz

T z To z

TL T0
L
To TL
q k

Linear temperature
distribution
Heat flux proportional
to temperature
difference

Steady state heat Conduction in slab, contd. -5

Would the heat flux be proportional to temperature difference
and temperature distribution linear if k=k(T)
Look at the case when k takes the following functional form:
k ko 1 T To

Step 6: Heat balance equation

d dT
k
dz dz

dT
d

k
1

0
0
o

dz
dz

Step 7: Boundary conditions

same as before, that is:
z = 0; T = T0
z = L; T = TL

Steady state heat Conduction in slab, contd. -6

Step 8: Temperature distribution

T z T 2 T z T
o

TL T0 TL To
2

Thus the temperature

distribution across the
slab is not linear.

>0

=0

<0

Steady state heat Conduction in slab, contd. -7

Can you explain the shape of the temperature distribution?
Higher k, lower
temperature gradient

>0

T0

Lower k, higher
temperature gradient

<0

z=0
Lower k, higher
temperature gradient

TL

z=L
Higher k, lower
temperature gradient

Steady state heat Conduction in slab, contd. -8

Heat flux

T z T 2 T z T
o

TL T0

Apply the Fouriers law

dT
q ko 1 T To

dz

k
2

To TL To TL
2

q ko
L

TL To

independent of z,
as one would
expect physically

Would this minus sign cause a concern to you

as it could give zero flux?

Answer: Of course not, see the constraint on

Steady state heat Conduction in slab, contd. -9

Note: If we define an average thermal conductivity across the slab as:
TL

kavg

TL

k (T )dT k

To

TL

1 T To dT

To

TL

dT

dT

To

The heat flux

equation is:

ko 1 To TL
2

To

q kavg

To TL

which is an
interesting equation

So far so good
But are there other things that need to be addressed?
1. Existence of gas film surrounding the slab faces.
2. Slab is made of many different materials.
LETS CONSIDER THESE ONE BY ONE.

Heat conduction in slab: Gas film resistance

Physical Definition of the Problem

Conduction Heat Eq.

Lets study the constant k first, and then

deal with temperature dependent k.

Heat conduction in slab: Gas film resistance, -2

Physical Constraints / Boundary Conditions
With the existence of the gas film, we talk of BC of the third kind.

z 0; ho To T (0) k

dT
dz

z L; hL T ( L) TL k
z 0

dT
dz

zL

Local Heat Transfer Coefficients = f(Re, Pr, Gr)

Temperature distribution

T ( z ) T (0) z

T ( L) T (0) L

Note: T(0) and T(L) are yet

known, but we proceed anyway.
Heat flux

T (0) T ( L)
q k

this is the flux

through the slab

Heat conduction in slab: Gas film resistance, -3

For steady state operation

q ho To T (0)

qgas film qslab

T (0) T ( L)

k
h

T ( L) TL

Rearrange the above equation as:

To T (0) T (0) T ( L) T ( L) TL

1

ho

L

k

1

hL

Final heat flux equation

written in terms of
known parameters and
operating conditions.

To TL
1 L 1

ho k hL

Heat conduction in slab: Gas film resistance, -4

write the heat flux equation as:

To TL
1 Bi01 BiL1 L
k

Where Bi0 and BiL are dimensionless and are defined as:

h0 L
Bi0
;
k

hL L
BiL
k

which are called

the Biot numbers

Physical significance of Biot number

heat transfer through the film

Bi
heat transfer through the solid
1. Bi >>1: Heat transfer through the object is limiting.
2. Bi << 1: Heat transfer through the fluid film is limiting.

Heat conduction in slab: Gas film resistance, -5

Avoid the confusion Bi and Nu
Their definitions:

Bi

(heat transfer coeff. through the film) (length)

thermal conductivity of solid

Bi

(heat transfer coeff through the film) (length)

thermal conductivity of fluid

Bi is seen in the analysis of heat transfer to or from an object.

Nu is seen in many correlations of heat transfer coefficients;
hence it involves only film properties.

Heat conduction in slab: Gas film resistance, -6

How about T(0) and T(L)?
Recall the following equations:

To TL
1 L 1

ho k hL

To T (0) T (0) T ( L) T ( L) TL

1

ho

L

k

You get
1
h
o
T (0) To
To TL
1 L 1
h
k hL
o

1
h
L
T ( L) TL
To TL
1 L 1
h
k hL
o

1

hL

Heat conduction in slab: Gas film & k(T)

The conduction heat balance equation is:

d dT
k
dz dz

dT
d
0
k0 1 T To
dz
dz
Boundary conditions

dT
z 0; ho To T (0) k
dz

z 0

dT
z L; hL T ( L) TL k
dz

zL

with T(0) being the solid object temperature at z=0, and T(L) being
that at z=L.

Temperature distribution & heat flux

q kavg

T (0) T ( L)

kavg

ko 1 To TL
2

Heat conduction in slab: Gas film & k(T), -2

This flux must be the same as fluxes through the film at both
sides of the solid object:

q ho To T (0) kavg

T (0) T ( L) h
L

T ( L) TL

Thus, we get

To TL
1 L

ho kavg

1

hL

Two nonlinear algebraic

equations in terms of T(0)
and T(L) as kavg is a
function of T(0) and T(L).

1
h
o
T (0) To
To TL
1
1 L
h k h
avg
L
o

1
h
L
T ( L) TL
To TL
1
1 L
h k h
avg
L
o

So far
Heat conduction
1. Thermal conductivity, k
2. First principles of solving heat conduction
problems
3. Heat conduction in slab object:
4. Heat conduction with gas film in slab object
1. BC of the first kind
2. BC of the third kind
5. Constant thermal conductivity
6. T-dependent thermal conductivity
Now let us turn to
1. composite objects
2. objects of different geometries than slab,
3. Cylinder
4. sphere

Composite slab objects

Let deal with constant k, and N layers.

Composite slab objects

Utilizing results obtained earlier for a single slab object,
one can write:

q ho To T1 k1

T1 T2 k T2 T3 .. k TN TN 1 h
L1

L2

LN

N 1

TN 1 TN 2

In the ratio form;

To T1 T1 T2 T2 T3
TN TN 1 TN 1 TN 2

...

1

ho

L1

k1

L2

k2

The interfacial temperatures

can be found by equating the
above two equations

U-1

LN

k
N

h
N 1

To TN 2
q
1 N Lj 1

ho j 1 k j hN 1

Heat conduction in cylinder

Area is changing along the heat flow direction.

1 d dT
r
r dr dr

1 d dT
r
r dr dr

2
d T 1 dT
0
2
r dr
dr

dT
q (r ) k

dr

1 d dT
rk
r dr dr

d
rq(r ) 0
dr

Heat conduction in cylinder, contd. -2

The final heat balance equation valid at a point is:

d
rq(r ) 0
dr

First-order
ODE w.r.t. q

Apply the Fourier law of heat conduction

dT
q (r ) k

dr

d dT
rk
0

dr dr
k is constant

d 2T
k 2 0
dr

k =k(T)

d
dT
k
T
0

dr
dr

Heat conduction in cylinder, contd. -3

Physical constraints
At r= R1: T = T1

BC of first
kind

At r= R2: T = T2
Case of constant thermal conductivity
Temperature distribution

always associated with

cylindrical geometry

r
ln
R2
T (r ) T2

T1 T2
R1
ln
R2

Heat conduction in cylinder, contd. -4

r
ln
R2
T (r ) T2

T1 T2
R1
ln
R2

Heat flux

dT
q (r ) k

dr

Unlike the slab case, this heat flux is not

a constant, but rather decreases as the
heat moves away from the center.
This is not entirely unexpected.
r

heat flux

area

Heat flow
=
flux area

small

large

small

the same

large

small

large

the same

q(r )

k T1 T2
R2
r ln
R1

Heat conduction in cylinder, contd. -5

Although the heat flux changes with distance r, the heat flow
(energy/time) must be a constant, a requirement of steady state.
Total rate of heat flow out of the cylinder:
Q r R 2 rL kq(r ) r R 2 R2 L
2

k T1 T2
R2
R2 ln
R1

2 Lk

T1 T2
R2
ln
R1

constant as expected
Compare this heat flow with that for the slab geometry.
Slab

Q xL

Cylinder Q r R2

A
k T1 T2
L

2 L
R2
ln
R1

k T1 T2

Irrespective of the geometry, the

heat flow is proportional to
1. thermal conductivity
2. temperature difference
Only difference is geometrical
factor

Heat conduction in cylinder, contd. -6

When the annulus is very thin, that is no curvature
R2 - R1 << R1

Would you expect the solution obtained for the cylindrical

geometry to reduce to that of slab.
Now lets consider the case of k=k(T)

k ko 1 T To

such that

To TL 1

Doing all the necessary mathematics and using same BCs

Temperature distribution

T r T 2 T r T
1

T2 T1

T2 T1

r
ln
R1

R2
ln
R1

Heat conduction in cylinder, contd. -7

Heat flux

k1

2

q
T1 T2 T1 T2

R2
2

r ln
R1
Heat flow

2 Lk1
2

q
T1 T2 T1 T2

R2
2

ln
R1

which is independent of r.

Heat conduction in composite cylinders walls

Exactly the same analysis as that of composite wall slabs
Heat flow

2 L Tin Tout
q
ln R2 R1 ln R3 R2

....
k1
k2
Similarly the analysis of composite cylindrical walls with fluids
at the two surfaces, leads to

2 L T f1 T f2

n
ln Ri Ri 1
1
1

R1hinner i 2
ki 1
Rn houter

Heat conduction in cylinder with source -1

Area is changing along the heat flow direction.
Heat balance around the annulus shell

.
g
2T 0
k
=
If heat generated is by electricity then
,
=
=

.
1 d dT g
r
0
r dr dr k

Solve to get

Heat conduction in cylinder with source -2

In particular for solids the Thermal Equation is:

1 d dT
r
r dr dr

.
g

0
k

. 2
g r
T r
c1 ln r c2
k 4
.
g r2
T r Tm
k 4

. 2
dT g r
r

c1
dr k 2

.
dT g r c1

dr k 2 r

At r= 0: T = finite

Hence C1 = 0

At r= 0: T = Tm

c2 Tm

OR
At r= R: T = Ts

g R2
c2 Ts
k 4

.
.

g r2
g R2
g 2 r2
T r
Ts
T r Ts
R 2 1
k 4
k 4
4k R

Heat conduction in cylinder with source -3

Finally the temperature distribution
650

To=50
To=100
To=150
To=200
To=250

600
550

Radial Temperature

500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-0.006

-0.004

-0.002

0.000

Radial Distance

0.002

0.004

0.006

The influence of shape on heat balance

Slab

d dT
k
0

dr dr

Cylinder

d dT
rk
0

dr dr

Sphere

d 2 dT
r k
0

dr
dr

The general form for the three shapes is:

d s dT
r k
0

dr
dr
S (the shape factor)
= 0, 1, 2