Basics of Lubricants Lubrication

The Basics of
Lubricants and lubrication

Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Meaning of lubrication
Friction - is created when there is
relative motion between two surfaces

Resistance to motion is defined as
friction
Lubrication is use of a material
between surfaces to reduce friction
Any material used is called a lubricant
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Methods of lubrication
Two main methods
Hydrodynamic lubrication
Boundary lubrication
Also called complete or full flow
Occurs when two surfaces are
completed separated by a fluid film
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Methods of lubrication
cont..
Two main methods
Occurs when Hydrodynamic lubrication
fails.
By adsorption or chemical reaction
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Types of Lubricant - Physical

Liquid
Solid
Semi solid
Gases
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Types of Lubricant - Physical

Liquid
Typical lubricants are liquid/fluids
Mineral oil or synthetic oils
Solid
Graphite, MoS2
Semi solid
Greases
Gases
Atomised 2 stroke oils
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Typical lubricants - Application

Engine oils
Gear Oils
Turbine Oils
Hydraulic Oils
Metal working oils
Cutting oils
Forming Oils
Rust preventives
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Typical lubricants - Application

Heat Transfer Oils
Heat Treatment Oils

Quenching Oils
Tempering Oils
Refrigeration Oils
Rubber Process Oils
Ink process Oils

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Lubricant - Components
Base Oils
Mineral by-products of crude oil refining
process.
Base oils are polymerized or
synthesized further and called synthetic
Additives
Natural
Synthetic
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Function of a lubricant
Lubricate - Reduce friction
Cooling - Heat transfer
Cleaning - Detergency
Noise pollution - dampening
Sealing prevent leakage
Protection prevent wear
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Lubricate reduce friction

The effects of friction
Metal to metal contact
Leads to wear and tear
Generates heat
Results in Power loss
Lubricant reduces friction by
forming a film
Reduces ill effect of friction

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Cooling
When fuel is burnt in an engine
33% is useful power
33% removed by cooling water
33% by lube oil and radiation
Lube oil removes heat from all areas
and brings it to the engine sump.
Improper cooling can lead to over
heating, lead to wear, distortion and

failure.
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Cleaning
Cleans carbon and varnish deposits
Flushes the entire system removing
Soot
Deposits
Acids
Wear products
Moisture
Removes external contaminants dust,
moisture (external)
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Noise reduction
Reduce noise
By preventing metal to metal contact
Dampens noise
As between camshaft and tappet
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Sealing
Oil film
Between piston ring and liner
Helps in creating a gas tight seal
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Protection
Protection against acids and
moisture
Very important to increase life of
component and equipment
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Properties of lubricants
Kinematic viscosity
Viscosity index
Pour Point
Flash Point
Total Base Number (TBN)
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Kinematic viscosity
Measure of internal resistance to flow
Thickness of fluid (in laymen terms)
Decreases with increase in temperature
Important in lubricant selection
Increase in used oil indicates oxidation
Specified at 40C and 100C
Measured in Centi Stokes (CSt)
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Kinematic Viscosity Recommendations

Low Viscosity oils used
High speeds
Low pressure
Low temperature
High Viscosity oils used
Low speeds
High pressure
High temperature
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Viscosity index
Measure of fluids change of viscosity
with temperature.
Empirical number
Higher the VI lower will be the
change of viscosity with temperature
Indicator of temperature range of
operations
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Pour Point
Lowest temperature at which the fluid
will flow
Indicates lowest operating
temperature
Measured in C
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Flash Point
Lowest temperature at which the vapor
above the liquid will ignite under flame
Indicated safe maximum temperature of
operation.
Indicator of volatility
Test method - COC and PMCC
Measured in C
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Total Base Number (TBN)
Measured the acid neutralizing
reserve in oil.
Important for deciding discard of oil
Decreases due to
Oxidation of oil
Water contamination
Fuel contamination
Measured in Mg KOH/gm of oil

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Lab Tests - for lubricants
Kinematic viscosity
Viscosity index
Pour Point
Flash Point
Total Base Number
(TBN)
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ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
D
D
D
D
D
D
445
2250
97
92 (COC)
93 (PMCC)
664
What are additives

Lubricant additives
classified on their functional capability
Enhance existing property
Suppress undesirable property
Impart new property
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What are additives

What they do in Engine Oils
Protect metal surfaces
-
(rings, bearings, gears, etc.)
Extend the range of lubricant

applicability
Extend lubricant life
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Surface Protective additives

Anti wear and EP Agent
Corrosion & Rust inhibitor
Detergent
Dispersant
Friction modifier
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- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Anti wear & EP Agent

Reduce friction & wear.
Prevent scoring & seizure
ZDDP, Organic Phosphates, acid
phosphates, organic sulfur and chlorine
compounds etc.
Chemical reaction with metal surface
and forms a film.
Prevents metal-to-metal contact
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Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Corrosion and Rust Inhibitor

Prevent corrosion and rusting of the
metallic parts in contact with lubricant
ZDDP, Metal phenolates, Basic Metal
sulphonates, fatty acid & Amines.
Preferential adsorbtion of polar
constituent on metal surface.
Provide protective film
Neutralize corrosive acids
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Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Detergents
Keep surface free of deposits
Metallo organic compounds of Sodium,
Calcium and Magnesium phenolates
Phosphonates and sulphonates
Chemical reaction with sludge and
varnish percursors to neutralize them
and keep them soluble
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Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Dispersant
Keep insoluble contaminants
dispersed in the lubricant
Alkylsuccinimides, alkylsuccinic esters
and mannich reaction products
Contaminants are bonded by polar
attraction to dispersant molecules.
Prevented from agglomerating
Kept in suspension due to solubility of
dispersant
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Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Friction modifier
Alters coefficient of friction
Organic fatty acids and amides.
Lard Oil, high molecular weight
organic phosphorus.
Phosphoric acid esters
Preferential adsorbtion of surface
active materials
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Performance additives
Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Pour Point Depressant

Enable lubricant to flow at lo
temperature
Alkylated naphthalene
Phenolic polymers, Ploymethacrylates
Maleate/fumerate copolymer esters
Modify wax crystal formation to reduce
interlocking
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Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Seal swell Agent

Swell elastomeric seals, gaskets
Organic phosphates
Aromatic hydro carbons
Chemical reaction with with elastomer
to cause slight swell.
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Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Viscosity modifier
Reduce the rate of viscosity change
with temperature
Polymers and copolymers of olefins,
methacrylates, dienes
Alkylated styrenes.
Polymers expand with increasing
temperatures
This counteract oil thinning
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Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Antifoamant
Prevent lubricant from forming a
persistent foam
Silicone polymers
Organic copolymers
Reduce Surface tension to speed
collapse of foam
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Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Antioxidant
Retard oxidative decomposition
ZDDP,
Hindered phenols, Aromatic Amines,
sulfurized phenols
Decompose peroxides
Terminates free-radical reactions
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Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Metal deactivator
Reduce catalytic effect of metals on
oxidation rate
Organic complexes containing
nitrogen or sulfur
Amines, sulphides and Phosphates
Forms inactive film on metal surfaces
by complexing with metallic ions
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Lubricant - Nomenclature
and Specifications
Nomenclature
Crankcase oils - SAE numbers
Viscosity classification ISO 3448
Grease NLGI Numbers
Performance
Crankcase oils - Performance levels
Crankcase oils OEM Specifications
US Military US-MIL-2104
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2000
1500
ISO VG
AGMA
1500
1000
SAE
Eng ine
Oils
SAE
Gear
Oils
8A
10000
5000
1000
800
600
500
Viscosity Grade Classification

Systems
400
ISO Industrial Oils
cSt @ 40C
AGMA Industrial Gear Oils

cSt @ 40C
SAE Engine Oils
cSt @100C
cP @ -12C to -55C
460
5000
3000
3000
2000
320
90
50
220
200
140
2000
300
1000
150
40
100
30
150
100
80
cSt @100C, cP @150C 60

50
cP @ -10C to -40C
40
SAE Gear Oils
680
68
46
20
500500
400400
300
300
75W
200
200
32
15W
100
10W
22
10
85W
80W
30
20
15
1000
15
10
cSt @ 40C
SUS @ 100F
85W&0W
100
60
60
Lubricant - Specifications
Crankcase oils - SAE numbers

Crankcase oils - Performance levels
Crankcase oils OEM Specifications
Viscosity classification
Grease specification
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Major specifying
organizations
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
(USA)
API - American Petroleum Institute
US Military Specs US - MIL 2104 CCMC European Specification
ISO International Standard Organization
ISO 3348
NLGI National Lubricating Grease Institute
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SAE viscosity grades for

engine oils
Designated
With corresponding viscosity
For high temperature application
Warmer areas/regions
SAE 20
SAE 30
SAE 40
SAE 10
SAE 50
SAE 60
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engine oils
Designated
With corresponding viscosity
For low temperature application
Colder areas/regions
SAE 0 W
SAE 5 W
SAE 10 W
SAE 15 W
SAE 20 W
SAE 25 W
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Mono grades - Engine Oils
Mono grades are designated
with single SAE number
SAE 10, 20, 30, 40, 50

SAE 5W,10W, 15W,20W,25W
Can be used either in summer season
or in winter seasons.
Gradual shift to multi grades.
Shift also due to lower oil
consumption by multi grades
Available as Engine oil and Gear Oils
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Multi grades - Engine Oils
Multi grades are designated
with two SAE number
Widely in use today
SAE 10w/30, 15w/30, 25w/50
SAE 5W/30, 20W/40
Suitable for use in winter and summer
months or seasons
Available in Engine oils & Gear oil
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SAE Crankcase Oil - Viscosity

classification Winter Service
SAE
Viscosity
Grade
Low temp viscosities

High temp viscosities
Max. Temp for Vis. at 100C,
Engine cranking
High shear
(cP) 150C
Max. cPs at Temp pumping viscosity cSt
of 60,000 cP(C)
(C)
Min
Max & 106 S-
Min
Winter Service
6200@ -35
0W
6200@ -30
5W
7000@ -25
10W
7000@ -20
15W
20W
25W
9500@ -15
13000@ -10
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
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3.8
3.8
4.1
5.6
5.6
9.3
--
SAE Crankcase Oil - Viscosity

classification Summer Service
SAE
Viscosity
Grade
Low temp viscosities

High temp viscosities
Max. Temp for Vis. at 100C, cSt
Engine
High shear
pumping
(cP) 150C &
cranking Max.
viscosity of
Min
Max 106 S- Min
cPs at Temp
60,000 cP(C)
(C)
Summer Service
20
--
5.6
<9.3
2.6
30
40
40
50
60
---
9.3
12.5
<12.5
<16.3
2.9
3.5
--
12.5
<16.3
3.7
--
16.3
<21.9
3.7
--
21.9
<26.1
3.7
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API Automotive Gasoline Engine

Service Categories SA, SB,
Category
SA
Related Ind
Definitions
Straight Min None
Engine Test Requirements
SB
SC
Inhibited only CRC L-4
Sequence IIA
Sequence IIIA
1964 Models
CRC L-38
Sequence IV
Sequence IIA
Sequence V
Sequence IIIA
Fuel -1% S
SD
1968 Models
CRC L-38
Sequence IIB
Sequence IV
Sequence VB
Caterpillar L-1 Caterpillar IH
Sequence IIIB
Falcon Rust
SE
1972 Models
CRC-L-38
Sequence IIB
Sequence IIID Sequence VC
Sequence IIIC
Sequence VD
SF
1980 Models
CRC-L-38
Sequence IID
Sequence IIIE Sequence VD
Sequence IIID
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API Automotive Gasoline Engine

Service Categories SA, SB,
Category
SG
SH
Related Ind
Definitions
1989 Models CRC-L-38
Sequence IID
Sequence IIIE
Sequence VE Caterpillar IH2
1994 Models
CRC-L-38
Sequence VE
Sequence IID
Sequence IIIE
Category SA, SB, SC, SD, SE,SF,SG,SH have been declared as obsolete.
SJ
1997 Models
CRC-L-38
Sequence VE
Sequence IID
SL
2001 Models
Sequence IIIF Sequence IVA

Sequence VIII
Sequence VG
SM
2004 Models
Sequence IIIG Sequence IVA

Sequence VIII
Sequence VG
Sequence IIIE
Category SJ, SL, SM, are currently valid.

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API Automotive Diesel Engine

Service Categories CA, CB,
Category
CA
CB
CC
CD
CD-II
Related
US Mil spec
MIL-L-2104A

CRC L-38
MIL-L-2104A
CRC
Supplement 1
MIL-L-2104B
CRC
MIL-L-46152B
MIL-L-2104C/D/E, CRC
MIL-L-45199B,
Series 3
MIL-L-2104D/E
CRC
2 stroke Hvy Dty
Caterpillar L-1
Fuel 0.4% S
L-38
Caterpillar L-1
Fuel 0.4% S
L-38
Sequence IID
Caterpillar IH2
L-38
Caterpillar I G2
L-38
Caterpillar 1 G2 Detroit Diesel

6V53T
Caterpillar 1 G2 Cummins NTC 400
Mack T-7
CE
None
CRC L-38
Mack T-6
CF
None
CRC L-38
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Caterpillar 1M-PC
API Automotive Diesel Engine

Service Categories CA, CB,
Category
CF-2
CF-4
Related Ind
Spec
None
CRC L-38 Detroit Diesel 6V92TA Caterpillar 1M-PC
None
CRC L-38 Cummins NTC-400

Mack T-7
CRC L-38 Sequence IIIE
Mack T-8 RFWT
Mack T8E Sequence IIIE
RFWT
Mach T-9
Caterpillar 1K
Caterpillar 1R, 1K
Sequence IIIF
CG-4
None
CH-4
None
CI-4
None
RFWT
EOAT
Cummins M11 EGR

Mack T-8E, T-10
CI-4Plus
None
RFWT
EOAT
Cummins M11 EGR

Caterpillar 1R, 1K
Mack T-8E, T-10,T-11 Sequence IIIF
Caterpillar 1N
Caterpillar 1P, 1K
Cummins M 11
CA to CE obsolete; CF onwards are currently valid

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ISO 3448 Kin Vis - CSt 40C

vs SUS 100F (40C)
VG 2
VG 3
VG
VG
VG
VG
VG
VG
VG
5
7
10
15
22
32
46
Midpoint
Minimum
2.2
1.98
2.42
3.2
4.6
6.8
10
15
22
32
46
2.88
4.14
6.12
9
13.5
19.8
28.8
41.4
3.52
5.06
7.48
11
16.5
24.2
35.2
50.6
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Maximum
SUS 100F
60
75
105
150
215
ISO 3448 Kin Vis - CSt 40C

versus SUS 100F (40C)
Midpoint
VG 68
VG 100
VG
VG
VG
VG
VG
VG
VG
150
220
320
460
680
1000
1500
Minimum
Maximum
68
61.2
74.8
100
150
220
320
460
680
1000
1500
90
135
198
288
414
612
900
1350
110
165
242
352
506
748
1100
1650
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SUS 100F
315
465
700
1000
1500
2150
3150
4650
7000
National Lubricating Grease

Institute - NLGI Numbers
NLGI Grade Number
ASTM worked penetration 77F

(25C)
000
00
445
400
0
1
2
355
310
265
220
175
130
85
3
4
5
6
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475
430
- 385
- 340
- 295
- 250
- 205
- 160
- 115
Thank you
Hussam Adeni

Basics of Lubricants Lubrication

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Basics of Lubricants Lubrication

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The Basics of

Lubricants and lubrication

relative motion between two surfaces

Two main methods

Types of Lubricant - Physical

Types of Lubricant - Physical

Typical lubricants - Application

Typical lubricants - Application

Heat Treatment Oils

Ink process Oils

Protection prevent wear

Lubricate reduce friction

Reduces ill effect of friction

heating, lead to wear, distortion and

Removes external contaminants dust,

Very important to increase life of

component and equipment

Kinematic Viscosity Recommendations

Measured in Mg KOH/gm of oil

Lab Tests - for lubricants

What are additives

What are additives

(rings, bearings, gears, etc.)

Extend the range of lubricant

Surface Protective additives

Surface Protective additives

Anti wear & EP Agent

Surface Protective additives

Corrosion and Rust Inhibitor

Surface Protective additives

Surface Protective additives

Surface Protective additives

Pour Point Depressant

Seal swell Agent

Viscosity Grade Classification

AGMA Industrial Gear Oils

SAE Engine Oils

cSt @100C, cP @150C 60

SAE Gear Oils

Crankcase oils - SAE numbers

SAE viscosity grades for

SAE viscosity grades for

SAE viscosity grades for

SAE 10, 20, 30, 40, 50

SAE viscosity grades for

SAE Crankcase Oil - Viscosity

Low temp viscosities

SAE Crankcase Oil - Viscosity

Low temp viscosities

API Automotive Gasoline Engine

Engine Test Requirements

Inhibited only CRC L-4

API Automotive Gasoline Engine

Sequence IIIF Sequence IVA

Sequence IIIG Sequence IVA

Category SJ, SL, SM, are currently valid.

API Automotive Diesel Engine

Engine Test Requirements

Caterpillar 1 G2 Detroit Diesel

API Automotive Diesel Engine

CRC L-38 Cummins NTC-400

Cummins M11 EGR

Cummins M11 EGR

CA to CE obsolete; CF onwards are currently valid