There are different types of lamps such as

INCANDENSCENT OR FILAMENT LAMP

FLOURESCENT LAMP
MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP
SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP
COMPACT FLOURESCENT LAMP(CFL)
LED LAMP
METAL HALIDE LAMP
HALOGEN LAMP

INCANDENSCENT LAMP
These lamps are known as filament lamps as it

consists of tungsten filament between two lead

wires.

PRINCIPLE :-These lamps works on the principle of that

when a body is heated , radiant energy is emitted out in
waveform.
As the temperature increases , the wave length of the
emitted radiation decreases until the waves are in visible
light range.
The rated voltage life of such lamps is about 1000 working
hours.

Incandescent Lamps
An incandescent light bulb,

incandescent lamp or incandescent

light globe is an electric light which
produces light with a filament wire
heated to a high temperature by an
electric current passing through it,
until it glows . The hot filament is
protected from oxidation with a glass
or quartz bulb that is filled with inert
gas.

CONSTRUCTION OF
INCANDENSCENT LAMP
It consists of tungsten filament enclosed in air tight glass chamber.
Chemically inert gas is filled in the bulb to prevent oxidation and lowering of
filament temperature.
Usually nitrogen or argon gas is used and sometimes a mixture of 85% of argon
and 15% of nitrogen is also used.
Follwing are the parts of incandenscent lamp:
Filament It is in coil form in order to reduce the heat loss and to increase

efficiency .

Support wires are used for supporting the filament and are made up of
molybdenum wires .
Base :-To fix the lamp in holder. It is made up of alluminium wire.

 Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range

of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts

to about 300 volts. They require no external regulating
equipment, have low manufacturing costs, and work
equally well on either alternating current or direct
current. As a result, the incandescent lamp is widely
used in household and commercial lighting, for
portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps,
and flashlights, and for decorative and advertising
lighting.

 In addressing the question of who

invented the incandescent lamp,

historians Robert Friedel and Paul
Israel list 22 inventors of incandescent
lamps prior to Joseph Swan and
Thomas Edison. They conclude that
Edison's version was able to outstrip
the others because of a combination of
three factors: an effective incandescent
material, a higher vacuum than others
were able to achieve and a high
resistance that made power
distribution from a centralized source
economically viable.

Gas filled lamps

Different colours of
light when
different gases are
used.

Halogen Lamps
A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten

halogen, quartz-halogen or quartz iodine

lamp, is an incandescent lamp that has a small
amount of a halogen such as iodine or bromine
added. The combination of the halogen gas and
the tungsten filament produces a halogen cycle
chemical reaction which redeposits evaporated
tungsten back onto the filament, increasing its
life and maintaining the clarity of the envelope.
Because of this, a halogen lamp can be operated
at a higher temperature than a standard gasfilled lamp of similar power and operating life,
producing light of a higher luminous efficacy
and color temperature. The small size of halogen
lamps permits their use in compact optical
systems for projectors and illumination.

Advantages of Halogen Lamps

Their life is almost double that
of conventional tungsten lamp.
Almost no blackening.Hence a
high lumen output is maintained
throughout the life of the lamp.
Better colour

Reduced Dimensions

 Halogen lamps are very suitable for outdoor

illlumination of buildings, play grounds, car parks,

airport runways etc.
They are available upto 5kW.

Fluorescent lamps

Mercury vapour lamps

A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas

discharge lamp that uses an electric arc

through vaporized mercury to produce
light. The arc discharge is generally
confined to a small fused quartz arc tube
mounted within a larger borosilicate glass
bulb. The outer bulb may be clear or
coated with a phosphor; in either case,
the outer bulb provides thermal
insulation, protection from the ultraviolet
radiation the light produces, and a
convenient mounting for the fused quartz
arc tube.

Advantages of Mercury vapour

lamps
Mercury vapour lamps are more energy efficient than

incandescent and most fluorescent lights, with

luminous efficiencies of 35 to 65 lumens/watt.
Long bulb lifetime in the range of 24,000 hours and a
high intensity, clear white light output. For these
reasons, they are used for large area overhead lighting,
such as in factories, warehouses, and sports arenas as
well as for streetlights.
They offer better color rendition than the more
efficient high or low-pressure sodium vapor lamps.

A metal-halide lamp (similar to HPMV lamp) is an electric lamp that

produces light by an electric arc through a gaseous mixture of vaporized mercury
and metal halides (compounds of metals with bromine or iodine). It is a type of
high-intensity discharge (HID) gas discharge lamp. It improve the efficacy and
color rendition of the light.
it provides most of its light from the electric arc within a small discharge tube.

Mercury lamps

Sodium vapour lamps

Sodium vapour lamps have replaced mercury lamps due to

their high lumen output for the same power input.

The efficiency of sodium vapour lamps is between 40 to 50
lumens per watt with an average life of about 3000 hours.
It is not affected by voltage variations.
The glass tube is made specially chemical resistant to
withstand the chemical reaction of hot sodium.
The lamp must be operated at horizontal or nearly
horizontal position to keep the sodium uniform
throughout.

Sodium vapour lamps

Neon tube

Fluorescent Tubes\Lamps
The tubes filled with argon gas at low pressure and one

or two drops of mercury.

The inner surface of the tube has a thin coating of
fluorescent material. Different colours can be obtained
depending upon the type of coating material used.
It is provided with two electrodes coated with electron
emissive material. The mercury vapour emits UV
radiation when electric charge is passed through it.
The fluorescent coating curves UV radiation into
visible light.

Compact Fluorescent lamp

Compact fluorescent lamp

A compact fluorescent lamp(CFL) is a type of
fluorescent lamp.
Compared to other incandescent lamps CFLs use less
power to give same amount of visible light.
They have longer rated life, but generally have o high
purchase price.
Like all other fluorescent lamps , CFLs contain
mercury , this complicates the disposal of fluorescent
lamps.

Construction of CFLs
There are two main parts in CFLs:
1)The gas filled tube and
2)The magnetic or electronic ballast.
Electronic ballasts contain a small circuit board with

rectifiers , a filter capacitor and usually two switching

transistors connected as high frequency resonant
series DC to AC converter.
The resulting high frequency is then applied to the
lamp.

WORKING
Electrical energy in the form of an electrical current

from the ballast flows through the gas , causing it to

emit ultraviolet light.
The ultraviolet light then excites the white phosphor
coating on the tube .
The coating emits visible light . CFLs then flickr when
they have magnetic ballasts.

Advantages
They have life span of about 6000 to 15000 hours.
They are power saving lamps.

LED LAMP
LED lamp is a type of solid state lighting that utilizes

light emitting diodes as a source of illumination .

LED lamps are usually cluster of LEDs in a suitable

housing.
They come in different shapes.

LEDs of
different
colour
THEY ARE
HIGHLY
EFFICIENT

ADVANTAGES OF LED
HIGH EFFICIENCY
LEDs are now available that reliably offer over 100

lumen from a one watt device .

SMALL SIZE
They provides design facility , can be arranged in

rows, rings and clustres.

HIGH DURABILITY
They have no filament or tube to break.

APPLICATIONS
TRAFFIC LIGHTS
STAGE LIGHTNING
ELECTRIC TORCHES
BILLBOARD DISPLAYS
TRAIN LIGHTS
DOMESTIC LIGHTNING
FLOODLIGHTNING OF BUILDINGS

IMAGES OF LAMPS

Activity

Illumination
Footcandles

Offices: Average Reading and Writing

50-75

Offices: Hallways
Offices: Rooms with Computers

10-20
20-50

Auditoriums / Assembly Places

Hospitals: General Areas
Labs / Treatment areas
Libraries
Schools

15-30
10-15
50-100
30-100
30-150

THANKYOU