B.tech Admission in India

B.
Tech Admission in India

By:
admission.edhole.com
Civil Engineering
Surveying
Roy Frank
Planning A Survey
Planning requires a well rounded

understanding of surveying practices
Process:
1.
Choice of accuracy required (depends on use

to be made)
1.
2.
3.
Basic Control
Topographic
Photogrammetry
Planning A Survey
2. Existing Control
1. Search records for existing control in area
1. Illinois Geological Survey Urbana, IL
2. National Geodetic Survey Rolla, MO or Rockville,
Maryland
3. Reconnaissance:
1. Search Procedure:
1. Description often dated
2. Can use GPS receiver (Lat. And Long)
3. Probe, detectors often problems - brass
Planning A Survey
4. Choice of Instruments and Methods
1. Depends on availability, location, existing
features, and accuracy
5. Computation and Drafting
Accuracy and Errors

Accuracy depends on:
1. Precise instruments
2. Precise Methods
3. Good Planning
Example: Angle turned with theodolite,

pointed with care; readings checked thus
good precision. Angles of 2-3 expected,
real results angles 15 = accuracy
Errors
3 Types
1. Blunders
2. Systematic Error
3. Accidental Error
Blunder is a mistake, to help eliminate:

1. Every value to be recorded must be checked
by some independent field observation
Errors
2.
3.
Once check indicates that there is no blunder,

field record must never be changed or
destroyed
An overall check must be applied to every
control survey. Make as many overall checks
as possible.
Errors
Systematic Error an error that under the same
conditions will always be of same size and sign.
Basic Rules to Eliminate:
1.
2.
All surveying equipment must be designed and used so

that whenever possible systematic errors will be
eliminated automatically
Systematic error which can not be eliminated must be
evaluated and their relationship to conditions that cause
them must be determined.
Example: Temperature Corrections
Errors
Accidental Errors (random errors)
represent the limit of precision in the
determination of a value
Corrected be laws of probability
Compass Rule and Least Squares
Hydrographic Surveys
Surveys and mapping of bodies of water and
shorelines
2. Rivers and Lakes Process different
1.
2.
Rivers
2. Normal process is to establish 2 parallel lines of control
points on opposite sides
3. River Portion: 2 processes
2. EDM similar to radial
3. Dual instrument with position by angle and intersection
3.
Lakes
2. Normal process same as river but generally do not have
current problems
Overall Process:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Establish control points both horizontal and

vertical
Preplan where sections are to be taken (this is
basis for control points on shore)
Cross sections taken
If EDM, radials taken from control points due to
difficulty in obtaining shots under 300
May have to combine cross sections and radial
location to pick up anomalies not covered by
cross sections
Gauging Stations
1.
2.
3.
Purpose is to install either manually read or

automatic gauges to determine stream, river,
lake, or ocean elevations
Process:
Establish system of BMs throughout area
gauges will be installed
Establish elevation mark at site for installation
After gauges are installed, check elevation of
each
Topographic Surveys
6 Basic Methods
1. Radial
2. Plus/Offset
2. Plus Offset
2. Establish baseline (Often centerline), establish
points at station interval 50, 100, 200
3. Tie planimetric data by distance down line plus
distance right or left (looking up stationing)
4. Establish elevations on station points then
elevation out a predetermined distance with
shots at breaks
Topographic Surveys
4. Due additional section to locate features in between
stations
5. Equipment: Tape, Level, Rod, Transit, - Right Angle
Prism?
2. Grid Method
1. Take cross Section Groups and Combine
2. Establish Grid baseline often property line
3. Establish Perpendicular line
4. Both Marked at grid interval (25, 50)
5. Planimetric tied plus/offset in each grid
6. Grid laid out by double taping
7. Field notes 1 2 grids/page
Topographic Surveys
3. Photogrammetry
1. Limitations
1. Trees Leaves off no large growths of
coniferous
2. Ground Cover grass, thick weeds and vines,
snow
3. Clear Sky
4. Tall Buildings
Due to these Limitations Illinois only has on the
average of 2 weeks flying time
Topographic Surveys
Scale Photo
S = (f/H)
Coordinates From Photos
XA = (xa/f)(H-ha)
YA = (ya/f)(H-ha)
Height of an object
r = radial dist. to top
d = radial dist. to top radial
dist. to bottom
h= d (H) / r
Topographic Surveys
4. GPS: Total Station System
1. Basic of GPS
1. Topo with GPS
2. Topo: Trimble Total Station (RTK)
2. Limitations:
1. Must be able to maintain satellite signal Trees,
Building
2. Signal Reflection (Multipath) Buildings,
Fences, Roofs
3. Debate over elevation (0.15 +/- my belief)
Topographic Surveys
5. Trace Contour
1. Used to identify several contours around an
area
6. Plane Table Surveys

1. Rarely used
2. Method prepares a manuscript map in the field
Mapping and Map Drafting

2 Basic Types of Maps used in
Engineering
1. Line Drawing
2. Photogrametrically prepared manuscript or
orthophoto map

1. Datum in Mapping:
Datum used to correlate measurements, to
determine elevations and horizontal positions
for points at different locations
Topographic Maps using Symbols Show:
1. Spatial configuration of Earths surface
(contours)
2. Natural Features (Lakes, Rivers, etc.)
3. Physical Changes caused by man

2. Planning Maps
Used in planning Engineering work or overall
planning at the urban, Regional, or National
Levels
3. Plotting Contours:
Interpolation:
1. Estimation
2. Computation

4. Contours
Characteristics of Contours:
1. Horizontal distance between contour lines is inversely
proportionate to the slope
2. Uniform slopes have contours evenly spaced
3. Along plane surfaces (manmade) contour lines are straight
and parallel
4. Contour lines are perpendicular to lines of steepest slope
5. All contours close upon themselves
6. Different contours do not merge or cross one another
(except vertical walls, overhangs, cliffs) on map

Factors that influence choice of map scale
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Clarity with which features can be shown

Cost (larger scale higher cost)
Correlation of Map data with related maps
Desired size of map sheet
Physical factors (number and character), nature
of terrain, required contour interval

5. Map Classifications
Based on American Society of Civil
Engineering, Surveying, and Mapping Division
1. Design Maps:
Used to design and construct
6. Information shown on Maps:

1. The following should be on a map:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Direction of Meridian (North)

Graphical Scale (Bar in case of reduction)
Legend or key of symbols
Title Block (identifiers)
Contour Interval
Datum to which both Horizontal and Vertical are
Referenced
7. If coordinate base used what system

2. If map is to become public record (subdivision).
It must contain in addition to the above:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Length of each line

Direction of each line (bearing or angles)
Subdivision numbering system (lot and block)
Location and Kind of monuments
Names of property owners (on site and adjacent)
Full description of Boundary
Certificate of Surveyor that map is correct
Planning and Estimating from Topo

Maps
Purpose of Topo maps
2. Profiles
3. Grade contour
4. Drainage Area
1.
Limits determined by following characteristics:

1. Begins and ends at the point in the stream to which it
applies
2. Passes through every saddle that divides drainage area
3. Often follows ridges
5. Reservoir Capacity
Earthwork Computations by Average

End Area
Prepare Cross Sections
Differentiate between existing & proposed
Planimeter Cross Sections

Amount of cut & fill for each cross section
Beginning and end stations have 0 value
Compute Volume
Conversion Constant: 1.852 = (100/27)/ 2 = {(Sta. Dist.)/ [CF/CY]} / 2
Earthwork by Average End Area
EARTHWORK BY AVERAGE END AREA

(EXAMPLE)
END AREAS:
STATION
CUT EMBANKMENT
0+00
0
0
1+00
10
156
2+60
50
795
3+00
197
1526
4+80
5
110
5+00
0
0
SAMPLE END AREA

STATION
0+00
1+00
2+60
3+00
4+80
CUT
0
10
50
197
5
FILL
0
SUM
CUT
FILL
D/100
CUT
FILL
SUM
CUT
FILL
10
156
1.0
10
156
10
156
60
951
1.6
96
1522
106
1678
247
2321
0.4
99
929
205
2607
202
1636
1.8
364
2945
569
5552
110
0.2
22
570
5574
156
795
1526
110
5
CUT: 570 X 1.852 = 1056 Cubic Yards

EMBANKMENT: 5574 X 1.852 = 10324 Cubic Yards
Compaction Factor = 25%, 10324 CY X 1.25 = 12905 CY Fill
U.S. Rectangular System
1.
2.
3.
4.
IDEAL Process:
Area divided by establishment of Principal
Meridians and Baselines
Area divided into 24 mile square tracts
quadrangle using guide meridians and
Standards of Parallel (correction lines)
Divide 24 mile tracts into 16 townships each
6 miles square
Divide townships into 36 one mile square
sections
U.S. Rectangular System
1.
2.
3.
4.
IDEAL Process:
Area divided by establishment of Principal
Meridians and Baselines
Area divided into 24 mile square tracts
quadrangle using guide meridians and
Standards of Parallel (correction lines)
Divide 24 mile tracts into 16 townships each
6 miles square
Divide townships into 36 one mile square
sections
Easements
1.
2.
3.
4.
Easement is a Legal document which

allows someone to do something to and
or through your property
Types:
Access (ingress/egress)
Construction
Water rights
Utility
Easement must Describe

What it is for (purpose)
2. Who between
1.
Must be signed by all whos name appears on deed
3. Width of easement
4. Duration specified number of years or
perpetual or life
5. Description of where located
Based on Rectangular system unless subdivision
Description Method for Waterline

Easements
A strip 30 feet wide over, under, and across

the _____ side of the _____ of the
_____ of Section, ___, T__ __, R__ __of
the ___ P.M., __________ County, Illinois
said strip lying ______ of and adjacent to
the _______ right of way line of the existing
public road.
Global Positioning System

(GPS)
Worldwide system of navigation satellites
by U.S. Department of Defense
Started in 1982
Civil GPS Service (CGS)
Views civil users in 3 groups:
1. Professional
2. Commercial
3. Recreational

(GPS)
Provides info in 4 categories:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Planning information
Current status information
Historical information
Responses to user questions

(GPS)
Information may be obtained from:
1.
DOT/RSPA
ATTN DMA 26
Room 8405
Washington, DC 20590
2. Commandant
USCG Headquarters
G-NRN-2
2100 2nd Street SW
Washington, DC 20593

(GPS)
Information may be obtained from:
3. National Geodetic Survey
NOAA; N/CG 142
Rockwall 306
Rockville, Maryland 20852

(GPS)
Satellites broadcast on 2 bands
L1 modulated with P code (Precise Positioning
Service PPS)
L2 modulated with C/A code (Standard
Positioning Service SPS)
C/A mode intended for general use and

capable of providing single point positioning
P mode is much more accurate but is
reserved for military and government use

(GPS)
Planning GPS Surveys as important as
the sophisticated needed to collect the
data
Planning Phases:
Presurvey reconnaissance; 2 stations site
requirements; 3 connections to existing
geodetic control; 4 network design; 5 satellite
availability; 6 observing schedule

(GPS)
Reconnaissance (presurvey)
Important to minimize delays or changes in observing

schedule
1. Office planning
1. Obtain station descriptions
2. Prepare control diagrams
2. Preliminary Reconnaissance
1. Determine recoverability of existing control stations
2. Provide sketch showing existing and proposed
stations
3. Suitability of existing stations for use by GPS

(GPS)
1.
2.
Station site Selection (critical factors)

Obstructions with elevations greater than
15-20 above horizontal should be
avoided
Station mark must be suitable for
occupation by tripod

(GPS)
Networks Design
1. Design depends on
1. Surveys order and purpose
2. Number of receivers available
3. Desired spacing between stations
2. It is best to connect at least 3 existing

geodetic control stations

(GPS)
Field Operations
1. Survey team structure determined
totally by operation method
1.
2.
3.
4.
Numbers depends on:

Number of receivers
Number and length of observation stations
Time spent transporting equipment
Logistics and administrative needs

(GPS)
2.
3.
4.
5.
Transportation
Monumentation
Power supply
Weather

(GPS)
Total Process:
1. Establish receivers and have all track
simultaneously
2. Data cleaned search for ambiguities in
data to identify correct integer values
3. All vector solutions are computed
1. 2-3 are accomplished by built in receiver

computer
4. Data given by longitude and latitude

New System: NAVSTAR

L2C civil signal added to L2 with P code
Block II RM Satellites Launch 2005-2009
L5 New Frequency more powerful and

larger bandwidth
Provides easier signal acquisition and tracking
Block IIF Satellites
Functional in mid 2013
GPS Field Data Collection Techniques

1. Static minimum 3 receivers
Occupation/session 1-3 hours

PDOP < 6 with 4 satellites
Occupy 3 stations then move 2, leap frog techniques
2. Pseudo Static can work with 2 receivers
Occupy for 2-5 minutes, each station must be occupied

twice approximately 2 hours apart
Can loose satellite lock for short periods
GPS Field Data Collection Techniques

3. Kinematics 2 or more receivers
Occupy 1-3 minutes

Must track same 4 satellites minimum prefer 5
1 rec. at base, rover occupies 1 min. move, occupy 1
min. and at end go back to beginning and repeat
4. Stop and Go Kinematics 2 bases and 1 rover
Occupation time 1-10 sec

5. Real Time (RTK) base with radio transmitter

and rover with radio receiver
Occupation 1-10 sec.

PDOP < 6
Municipal Surveys
1. Control Monuments and Associated Maps
1. Value: used by planners, engineers, architects,
utilities, and surveyors
2. Planning Maps
3. Steps of Fieldwork
1. Establish Network of Major Control Mon.
2. Run traverse connecting major control points
3. Run levels and establish BMs along traverse
network
Order for project

Monuments: Iron pin with bronze cap in 12 dia
PCC and extending min 18 below frost line (min
48)
Traverse: 1st order (1:200,000 1:500,000)
Stations generally 1000 1500 apart
Leveling: base on NGS datum

3-wire differential most often used
Avoid objects that are not permanent (fire hydrants, power
poles, etc.)
Products:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Base Map shows all control station,

traverse stations, BMs, Streets, ROW,
and Public Property
Topo Map
City Property Survey (location of all
existing monuments)
Underground Map (utility map)
Basic Route Survey and Design

1. Concept for Route
2. Reconnaissance Study
1. Small scale mapping of region (1-500 to 1200)
2. Identify Alternative Routes (corridors)
3. Corridor Study
4. Public Hearings on selected corridor

3. Alignment Design
1.
2.
3.
4.
Preliminary medium scale mapping of corridor

Paper location study
Choose desired alignment
Field location survey
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Set PIs
Measure angle and distance between PIs
Choose and design curves
Compute alignment
Set centerline stations (Hubs at 100 STA. + PC & PT)
5. Modify alignment if needed

4. Roadway Design
1. Supplemental Large Scale Mapping
1. Horizontal mapping
2. Cross section baseline
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Design typical sections

Design roadway items
Draft plans
Compute quantities
Prepare specifications

5. Right of way surveys
1. Requires parcel and strip maps
1.
2.
3.
4.
Determine ROW widths required

Perform property surveys
Prepare legal descriptions
Stake parcels

6. Construction surveys
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Reference PI, PT, PC

Slope stake for rough grade
Stake drainage and structures
Layout roadway items
BlueTop for subgrade of final grade
Progress measurements and cross sections for
pay quantities
7. As built surveys
Sewer Projects
1. Firm under contract
2. Preliminary studies
1.
2.
3.
4.
General layout map

Buildings located on general layout
Treatment site search
Preliminary paper layout
1. Make sure every building and potential building
site can be served
2. Manhole system placed on general layout
Sewer Projects
5. Preliminary filed work
1. Preliminary profiles
1.
2.
3.
4.
BM system established
Manholes set
Profiles run
Basement elevations acquired
2. Design mapping
1. Final plans
3. Treatment area
4. Boundary survey
5. Complete topo of area
Sewer Projects
3. Design process
1. Sewer line design
1. Preliminary profiles drawn
1. Basement elevations plotted
2. Manholes placed on profiles

3. Slope between manholes computed
4. Problem areas alternate service routes selected
1. Manholes set in field
2. Profiles run
3. Revert to 3A
Sewer Projects
2. Treatment plant design
1. Topo map prepared
2. Type system verified
3. Treatment system sized based on existing and
projected population
4. System designed
3. Plans drafted
1. Sewer plans normally prepared on plan/profile
sheets
Sewer Projects
2. Treatment plant drawn using plan sheets and
cross sections
3. Quantities computed
4. Specifications
1. Written instructions on how every item to be built
2. Include contract documents and bid proposal
4. Bidding procedure
1. Notice of bid advertised on local paper
2. Pre-bid meeting
Sewer Projects
3. Bidding
1.
2.
3.
4.
Each contractor submits sealed bid

Bids opened and tabulated
Engineer reviews proposals
Engineer recommends which bid to accept
4. Contract awarded
Sewer Projects
5. Construction
1. Surveying
1. Contractor required to hire surveyor for stakeout
2. Manholes referenced
3. Staking methods
1. Batterboard method
2. Laser method
4. Measurement of quantities
6. As Built
Water distribution systems

1. Put under contract water district formed
2. Preliminary studies
1.
2.
3.
4.
General layout prepared

Water district signs up users
Water source located
Waterlines placed on general layout
1. Hydraulic gradient plotted from USGS topo

5. Pump station and water storage sites
1. Property acquired by perpetual easement or purchased
2. Boundary survey performed for each site
3. Topo each site
3. Field work
1. Plan preparation
1. Normally photogrammetrically
1. Flight plan sent on general layout
2. Take photos and post measure horizontal control
3. Plan sheets marked on photos using template

2. Waterlines placed on plan sheets
2. Crossings and easements

1. Every location where waterline crosses paved
road, railroad has to be topo, cross sectioned,
and tied to nearest stationing or milepost
2. Crossings plotted and permits applied for
railroads, state DOT, township and county roads
3. Easement descriptions prepared

4. Final design
1. All waterlines and appurtenances on plans,
easements, acquired and in docket form, rock
excavation on plans
2. System driven to make sure nothing missed
2. Tanks and P.S.

1. Designed and sized

5. Bidding
6. Construction
1. Water distribution system
1. Waterline stakeout
1. Each easement plotted on plans
2. Crossings as permitted staked
2. Quantities
2. Tanks and PS
1. Foundation staked
2. Must be checked for plumb
7. As built
Architectural Projects
1. Firm Under contract
2. Preliminary fieldwork
1. Boundary survey
1. Description provided
2. Fieldwork
1. Monument search, traverse site
2. Compute data and analysis
3. Final stakeout
3. Easement and encroachment search

4. Plat of survey
2. Topo grid method most common
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Grid pattern 25 100

BM USGS
Entire tract topo and adjacent areas to access
Utilities nearest tied in
Include all objects above, on or below, ground
Prepare topo map
Field check map
3. Construction
1. Control
1. If large building you may want to establish
TBMs on control Mon.
2. Stakeout
1. Convert architects dimensions to engineering
2. Layout clearing and excavation limits
3. Layout underground piping
4.
5.
6.
7.
Layout footings and foundations

Layout building corners and supports
Locate roads and parking areas
Locate lighting and other project extras
3. As built
Structure and Terrain Movement

Used to monitor:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Movement of buildings ( x, y, and z)

Movement of bridges
Movement of dams
Landslides and earthquakes
Amusement park rides

Description error within system must be
less than smallest movement to be
observed
2 groups of monuments installed
1. Reference or control monuments
2. Deformation or movement monuments
Control generally concrete pillars

extending 3-4 feet out of ground with
tribrach permanently attached
Movement monuments for earthquake or
landslide may be similar deep monuments

Equipment:
1.
2.
3.
4.
GPS
Turned angles
Angle/Distance
Leveling

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B.tech Admission in India

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B.

Tech Admission in India

Planning requires a well rounded

Choice of accuracy required (depends on use

5. Computation and Drafting

Accuracy and Errors

Example: Angle turned with theodolite,

Blunder is a mistake, to help eliminate:

Once check indicates that there is no blunder,

All surveying equipment must be designed and used so

Example: Temperature Corrections

Establish control points both horizontal and

Purpose is to install either manually read or

6. Plane Table Surveys

Mapping and Map Drafting

Mapping and Map Drafting

Mapping and Map Drafting

Mapping and Map Drafting

Mapping and Map Drafting

Clarity with which features can be shown

Mapping and Map Drafting

6. Information shown on Maps:

Mapping and Map Drafting

Direction of Meridian (North)

Mapping and Map Drafting

Length of each line

Planning and Estimating from Topo

Limits determined by following characteristics:

Earthwork Computations by Average

Planimeter Cross Sections

Earthwork by Average End Area

EARTHWORK BY AVERAGE END AREA

SAMPLE END AREA

CUT: 570 X 1.852 = 1056 Cubic Yards

U.S. Rectangular System

U.S. Rectangular System

Easement is a Legal document which

Easement must Describe

Must be signed by all whos name appears on deed

Description Method for Waterline

A strip 30 feet wide over, under, and across

Global Positioning System

Global Positioning System

Global Positioning System

Global Positioning System

Global Positioning System

C/A mode intended for general use and

Global Positioning System

Global Positioning System

Important to minimize delays or changes in observing

Global Positioning System

Station site Selection (critical factors)

Global Positioning System

2. It is best to connect at least 3 existing

Global Positioning System

Numbers depends on:

Global Positioning System

Global Positioning System

1. 2-3 are accomplished by built in receiver

4. Data given by longitude and latitude

New System: NAVSTAR

L5 New Frequency more powerful and

GPS Field Data Collection Techniques

Occupation/session 1-3 hours