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Measurements
Chapters: 39 and 42
Contest
Power measurements
DC circuits
AC circuits
Three-phase systems
High-frequency power
measurements
Energy measurements
DC circuits
AC circuits
Power in DC circuits
Power
P I LVL
Can be carried out using a voltmeter and an
ammeter (generally)
Two measurement arrangements
Wattmeters:
Dynamometer
Digital wattmeter
Thermal wattmeter
Hall-power meter
DC circuits
a)
b)
Ammeter measures
current which flow
into the voltmeter
and load
Voltmeter
measures voltage
drop across the
ammeter in
addition to that
dropping across the
load
Dynamometer
Power (direct)
measurement device
for DC and AC systems
Accuracy better than
0,25 %
Two coils: static and
movable
Torque is proportional
product of current in
current coil and current
in voltage coil
Advantages:
High-resolution
Accuracy
Several techniques
(multiplication of signals)
Electronic multiplier is an
analog system which gives
as its output a voltage
proportional to the power
indication required A/D
conversion
Hall-power meter
Coil generates
magnetic field which is
proportional to load
current
The sensor excitation
current passes through
R1 and is proportional
to the load voltage
Hall voltage is
proportional to load
power
Problems: offset and
linearity
Power in AC circuits
Instantaneous power
(time dependence)
Mean power (usually
the most interesting)
Real power (active
work), reactive power,
apparent power
Measures can be done
same way as DC circuit
(single-phase)
1
P p(t )dt
T0
AC circuits
P VL I L cos
Q VL I L sin
S P Q
2
Three-Voltmeter
Method
Single-phase
arrangements
Power in load can
be measured using
a non-inductive
resistor and
measuring the three
voltage
Also in DC circuits
2
2
2
VAC
VAB
VBC
PL
2R
Line-Frequency Power
Measurements
Line-Frequency Power
Measurements (2)
Line-Frequency Power
Measurements (3)
Symmetrical and
Balanced systems
V1 V2 V3
I1 I 2 I 3
S V1 I1 V2 I 2 V3 I 3
P S cos
Q S sin
One wattmeter
arrangements for
real and reactive
power
measurements
P 3U T IT cos
IA
PAB
VAB = VA - VB
Phase A
W
V
Phase B
VCB = VC - VB
IC
V
W
Phase C
PCB
P PAB PCD
Q 3 * PAB PCD
Two-wattmeter
arrangements
Measurements
arrangements for
reactive power
measurements
Q 3 P1(30) P3(10)
where
Barbagelata
arrangements
Measurement
arrangements for
active and reactive
power
measurements
Two-wattmeter
method
P P12 P32
Q 1 2P P P P
13
31
32
12
Righi arrangements
Measurement
arrangements for
reactive power
measurements
1
Q
P32 P12 2 P2(31)
3
High-frequency power
measurements
Thermistor-Based Power
Meters
A thermistor is
resistor made of a
compound of highly
temperature
metallic oxides
Resistance is a
function of the
temperature rise
produced by
applied power
Calorimetric method
Accurate method
Technique based on
direct determination
of the heat
produced by the
input power
Laboratory
method
Energy measurements
DC Energy Measurements
Electrodynamic measurement
device (integrating wattmeter)
Based on DC motor (no iron)
Magnetic field is generating by
line current
Torque
kIV
C m
k 2 IV
R
Aluminum disk and permanent
magnet gives linear
dependence of and power
Mechanical counter transfers
the rotating motion into a
digital or mechanical display
AC Energy Measurements
AC Energy measurements
1. Current coil and
magnetic circuit
2. Voltage coil and
magnetic circuit
3. Rotating disk
4. Disk axis
5. Permanent magnet
6. Display
Energy measurements
Some Standards
Measurement arrangements
SFS 3381
AC energy measurements
Measurement devices
Two-wattmeter method
Elevator power
consumption
80.00
67 .4 k
W m ax
L ni e ac tvi e pow e r
60.00
40.00
19 ,9 k
W *
20.00
0 .021 k
W
0 .170 k
W *
0.00
80.00
66 .8 k
W m ax
M o to r ac tvi e pow e r
60.00
40.00
19 .7 k
W *
20.00
0 .000 k
W *
0.00
2.5
L ni ePow e r
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
22.5
Moo
t rPow e r
25.0
27.5
30.0
32.5
35.0
37.5
40.0
42.5
s
Elevator energy
consumption
80
71 .851W h
72 .602W h
72 .023W h
d t = 12 .102 s
70
60
50
F u llspeed 28 .463W h (2 .464m )
40
30
D ece el ra toi n 20 .202W h (0 .344m )
20
10
0
2.5
Speed
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
Moo
t rA c ce el ra toi n
15.0
17.5
20.0
22.5
Ene rg y
25.0
D si a
t n ce
27.5
30.0
32.5
35.0
37.5
40.0
42.5
s
The End