Bibliography

A list of the books (or other sources of information)

that you consulted when writing an essay, report, thesis
or dissertation.
We very rarely come up with our own theories, when
doing research.
By researching the theories of others, we include ideas
of others.

Bibliography
You have to be aware that you are using someone else's
work for your own benefit.
You will get the credits all right, but the author of the
ideas may have put in years of research to come up
with the concepts.
Therefore, you need to ensure that you reference your
sources, that is, giving credit to the person whom you
are citing.

Citations and list of references

Citation
Means of formally recognizing within the text, the
sources from which information or ideas were obtained
References
Detailed description of items from which information
were obtained
All references are listed alphabetically or
chronologically at the end of the text
Style selected must be consistent throughout the write
up

Categories of Citation

Two systems are available

Author and Year System
Numbering System

Author and Year System

In text Citation
Citing of references in the
text
Indicated using name of
author and the year of
publication

Author and Year System

Scenario 1
If the name of an author is
written as part of a
sentence, the year of
publication should be
written in parentheses

Author and Year System

Scenario 1
Example
Works by John (1990)
have shown that ..

Author and Year System

Scenario 2
If the name of an author is
not written as part of a
sentence, both the name
and year of publication
should be written in
parentheses

Author and Year System

Scenario 2
Example
Useful information can
be obtained from varied
sources (John 1990).

Author and Year System

Two authorship
For two authors, the last
names for both authors
should be used

Two authorship
Example
Works by John and Ann
(1990) have shown that ..
Useful information can be
obtained from varied sources
(John and Ann 1990).

Three or more authorship

For three or more

authors, use et al. after
the last name of the first
author

Three or more authorship

Example
John et al. (1990) have
shown that ..
Useful information can be
obtained from varied
sources (John et al.1990).

Multiple citations
Multiple citations are separated by
semicolons, (;). E.g. (John 1990; Ann
2000).
If more than one reference materials by
the same author in a same year are
cited, use small letter alphabets (a, b, c,
and so on) to distinguish them. E.g.

Example
John et al. (1990a) have
shown that ..
Useful information can be
obtained from varied
sources (John et al.1990b;
Ann 2000).

No Author
When a book, paper, or
article has no identifiable
author, cite it as Anon.
Year, e.g., (Anon. 1996)
(Anon. is the abbreviation
for anonymous)

List of Reference
All citation entries are listed in alphabetical
order based on the first author's last name
If the same author(s) are cited for more
than one paper having the same order of
authors' names, the papers should be listed
in chronological sequence by year of
publication
Authors' names MUST be listed in the
citation in the same order as in the article.

List of Reference
All citation entries are listed in alphabetical
order based on the first author's last name
If the same author(s) are cited for more
than one paper having the same order of
authors' names, the papers should be listed
in chronological sequence by year of
publication
Authors' names MUST be listed in the
citation in the same order as in the article.