TeNeT Group

IIT Madras

Opportunities and Challenges in Wireless

An India-centric Perspective

Presented by

R. David Koilpillai
TeNeT Group, EE Department, IIT Madras

WiNGS 2003
Trivandrum, 23 August 2003
Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 1 WiNGS 2003 Presentation
IITM Proprietary Information
Wireless in the Media … TeNeT Group
IIT Madras
 Mobile Internet - convergence of cellular and Internet …
 WLL technology ...
 GSM, GPRS, cdma2000, IMT-2000, 3G ...
 Cellular phones with colour displays, cameras, …
 Wireless subscribers will exceed the wired subscribers …
 The promise of 4G systems ...

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 2 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
Wireless in the Media … TeNeT Group
IIT Madras
 Mobile Internet - convergence of cellular and Internet …
 WLL technology ...
 GSM, GPRS, cdma2000, IMT-2000, 3G ...
 Cellular phones with colour displays, cameras, …
 Wireless subscribers will exceed the wired subscribers …
 The promise of 4G systems ...

 Telecom meltdown
 Investments in 3G licenses …
 Cellular operators struggling financially …
 Telecom manufacturers in crisis ...
 Rollout of 3G delayed …

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 3 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
 TeNeT Group
Cellular Evolution Timeline IIT Madras

1G (AMPS, NMT, TACS, …) 1981

 Analogue cellular systems

2G (GSM, IS-54, PDC, cdmaOne) 1991

 Digital cellular
 Digital voice, low-speed circuit data (9.6 Kbps), SMS

2.5G (GPRS, cdmaOne) 1999 - 00

 Introduction of packet data
 Improved voice, medium speed CS and PS data (~100 Kbps), enhanced SMS

3G (WCDMA, cdma2000 (1X, 3X), EDGE, …) 2002 - 03

 Meet IMT-2000 requirements
 Improved voice quality, high speed PS data (384Kbps - 2 Mbps)
 Improved spectral efficiency and capacity
 Multimedia applications

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 4 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
GSM Situation Globally TeNeT Group
IIT Madras

 Groupe Spécial Mobile  Global System for Mobile Comm.

 Currently 474 networks in 190 countries
– Frequency bands (MHz) - 450, 850, 900, 1800, 1900
 Very rapid growth in subscribers (~863 M May ‘03)
 GPRS in commercial operation
– Service: Commercial - 206, many in testing/ implementation phase
– GPRS in India – Idea, BPL, Hutch, Escotel, Bharti, Fascel, Spice ...
 GSM global footprint with American operators migrating to GSM/GPRS
 GSM history
1991 – Introduction of GSM
1997 – GPRS – Packet data support in GSM
1999 – EDGE, WCDMA specification (evolution to 3G)
2002-03 – Commercial deployment of UMTS, EDGE

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 5 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
Evolution of Cellular Standards TeNeT Group
IIT Madras
 Cellular standards updated annually
 New features / enhancements introduced
 Specifications – “open” for continued evolution
 Some key GSM features
– Rel 97 – General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
– Rel 98 – Adaptive Multirate (AMR) Speech Codec
– Rel 99 – Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE)
– Quality of Service (QoS) Support
– Rel 00 (Rel 4) – GSM + UMTS specification
– Rel 5 (2001) - UMTS QoS mechanisms
All cellular standards are continually evolving
Comparing features - need to specify version of standard

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 6 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
 TeNeT Group
Cellular Evolution IIT Madras

IS -1 3 6
IS -1 3 6 TDM A
R ev. B
Existing
EDG E Spectrum

G SM G SM +
CDM A

UM TS New
WCDMA
(W C D M A ) Spectrum
PDC (UMTS band)

TDD M ode

IS -9 5 IS -9 5 B cdm a2000 Existing

Spectrum

G en 2 G e n 2 .5 G en 3

3G systems must meet IMT-2000 requirements (ITU)

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 7 WiNGS 2003 Presentation
IITM Proprietary Information
IMT-2000: An Historical Perspective TeNeT Group
IIT Madras
 Focus on global personal communications (start 1986)
 Formerly FPLMTS - 230 MHz allocated WARC ’92
– 1885-2025 MHz (Uplink), 2110-2200 MHz (Downlink)

 Wide range of services (voice, data, multi-media)

 A family of radio interfaces
– Universal coverage and seamless roaming

 Requirements for different operating environments

Environment Max Bitrate Max Speed Cell Size

Rural outdoor 144 Kbps 500 Km/h Macro

Suburban outdoor 384 Kbps 120 Km/h Macro/Micro

Indoor 2.048 Mbps 10 Km/h Micro/Pico

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 8 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
GSM Today TeNeT Group
IIT Madras

 TDMA system with 200 KHz channelization

 8 time-slots per carrier
 Superior voice quality using AMR vocoder
 Circuit switched data using HSCSD – up to 64 Kbps
 Packet switched data using GPRS – up to 21.4 Kbps per slot
– ~ 85 Kbps using 4 time slots (multi-slot operation)
 High speed packet data using EGPRS/EDGE (384 Kbps)
 Supports MMS - Multimedia Messaging (audio/video clips)
 Supports QoS for audio/video streaming applications
GSM is evolving toward 3G
Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 9 WiNGS 2003 Presentation
IITM Proprietary Information
 TeNeT Group
Key Air Interface Aspects IIT Madras

WCDMA, cdma2000 and EDGE

 Error control coding to maximize performance
– Turbo coding
 Higher level modulation for increased payload
 Link adaptation of coding and modulation
 Transmission to user with best channel condition maximises capacity
 Employ robust source coding (AMR, …)
 Interference mitigation techniques crucial for UL and DL
– Use fast power control (WCDMA 1500 updates/sec, step
 Enhanced demodulation/decoding methods (iterative)
 Exploit different forms of diversity
– Space, frequency, time
– Use channel state feedback, if available

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 10 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
 TeNeT Group
Applications/Services IIT Madras

Type Rate (kbps) Connection Mode

Voice 8 - 16 Circuit Symmetric

Unified Messaging 9.6 - 64 Packet Asymmetric
(email, fax, SMS)

Information Access 128 - 384 Packet Asymmetric

Computer Conferencing 48 - 144 Circuit/Packet Symmetric

Video, Images 128 - 384 Circuit/Packet Asymmetric

 Video conferencing (H.323)

– Audio coding – G.711 (64 Kbps), G.722 (64/56/48), G.728 (16), G.729 (8)
– Video coding – H.261 (64 Kbps CBR)
 Audio streaming - MP3 64 Kbps/ 128 Kbps (CBR), MIDI, MPEG4 AAC
 Video streaming – MPEG4, H.263

Multimedia content, asymmetric, packet-oriented

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 11 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
 TeNeT Group
Multipath and Doppler IIT Madras

 Multipath 
– multiple copies of signal at receiver
– Inter-symbol interference (ISI)
 Need advanced algorithms to mitigate


time-varying ISI
– Equalizer, RAKE receiver


 Fading  signal strength fluctuation

 Receiver must adapt to time variations
 Rate of change depends on Doppler

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 12 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
 TeNeT Group
Interference IIT Madras

D2 A2

A3 D3 A3 Frequency Reuse
C1 B1 C1

B2 C2 B2
 GSM 3/9 reuse with FH
C3 B3 C3 B3
– frequency planning
D1 A1 D1  cdma2000 1:1 reuse
D2 A2 D2 A2

D3 A3 D3
– power planning
B1 C1 B1 C1

C2 B2 C2

C3 B3 C3

 GSM: Two types of interference - CCI and ACI

– No intracell interference
 CDMA: Two types of interference – intracell and intercell
 All cellular systems are interference limited
 Interference mitigation is crucial
Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 13 WiNGS 2003 Presentation
IITM Proprietary Information
 TeNeT Group
Link Budget IIT Madras
P t T r a n s m it P o w e r

P a th L o s s (L p )

L o g - N o r m a l S h a d o w in g S h a d o w in g M a r g in ( L s )

R a y le ig h /R ic e a n fa d in g F a s t F a d in g M a r g in ( L f)
P m in R e c e iv e r S e n s it iv ity

T h e r m a l N o is e F lo o r

Pt  Pmin  L f  Ls  L p (all in dB)

Minimizing link margins – key to optimized cell engineering
Key challenge of 2.5G and 3G systems
Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 14 WiNGS 2003 Presentation
IITM Proprietary Information
 TeNeT Group
Adaptive Multirate Vocoder (AMR) IIT Madras

 AMR Codec is the “state of the art” speech coder

 Key features – speech quality, variable rates, robustness
 Contains a set of fixed rate speech codecs with error protection
Narrowband modes (Kbps): 12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.4, 6.7, 5.9, 5.15. 4.75 Kbps
 AMR does link adaptation autonomously based on channel condition

AMR Link Adaptation AMR Performance

Speech codec
mode changes Mode 1
Speech Quality

Mode 2

Mode 3

3 codec modes

Channel quality (C/I, C/N)

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 15 WiNGS 2003 Presentation
IITM Proprietary Information
 Cellular-WLAN Integration TeNeT Group
IIT Madras

 Advantages of Cellular # users

Mobility
– Coverage, authentication, billing LAN
interconnect
 Advantages of WLAN (802.11 b/g/a)
– Up to 54 Mbps indoor environments Cellular
– Economical and good coverage of WLAN
hot-spots (airports, hotels, etc.)
Coverage
 Disadvantages of WLAN
– coverage, mobility, security Data rate
 Cellular-WLAN Integration Tx power
– Leverages cellular infrastructure
– Attractive high-speed complement to cellular service
– Being standardized for GSM, WCDMA, cdma2000
– seamless service continuity (cellular  WLAN handoff)
Cellular + WLAN  Improved coverage  Iower cost
Cellular + WLAN = 4G?
Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 16 WiNGS 2003 Presentation
IITM Proprietary Information
 TeNeT Group
Impact of 3G … IIT Madras

 Wireless applications are driving technologies in multiple industries

– DSP, VLSI, Software, CAD (simulation) …
 Impact on DSP industry is very significant
 TI’s highest performance DSP TMS320C6416
 Targeted for 3G cellular basestation
 600 MHz speed with 8x32-bit instructions per cycle  4800 MIPS
 Two HW coprocessors – Viterbi decoder and Turbo decoder
– Capable of handling between 350 voice channels (AMR)
– 28 data channels @ 384 Kbps per channel
 First digital cellular phones had DSPs with 50 MIPS (1993)
– 100X improvement in 10 years !!

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 17 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
 TeNeT Group
IIT Madras
WAP 1.0

 The de facto worldwide

W ir e le s s
N e tw o rk W A P G a te w a y / W e b S e rv e r standard for Internet access
C lie n t P ro x y
E n c o d e rs CG I
on wireless terminals
S c r ip ts ,
W AP
U ser
W S P R e q u e s t (U R L ) and
D e c o d e rs
H T T P R e q u e s t (U R L )
e tc . – Cell phones, PDAs, …
A g e n ts
 License-free standard
P ro to c o l T h e In te rn e t
 Current version is WAP 2.0
C o n v e r s io n
(first version WAP 1.0 – 1998)
W AP
W M L
W M L S c r ip t
 Scaleable across bearers -
P ro to c o l
S ta c k
WSP Response (Bin WML)
H T T P R e s p o n s e (W M L )
GPRS, IS-95, WCDMA, ...
W AP
In te rn e t
 WAP2.0 - proxy not needed,
P r o t o c o ls

P r o to c o ls
Addresses the characteristics of wireless devices
– Smaller screens, limited RAM / ROM / CPU, limited keyboard
but offers enhancement
 Wireless Markup Language (WML) and XHTML for content generation

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 18 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
 TeNeT Group
Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) IIT Madras

WAP Post WAP Get

WAP
gateway

MMSC

Push proxy
Originator gateway
Recipient
SMSC

WAP PUSH WAP PUSH

 MMS enables rich multimedia content
 Audio, image, video
 MMS built on framework of SMS, WAP
 MMS-capable phones being introduced into market
 MMS supported on GSM/GPRS and cdma2000 infrastructure
Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 19 WiNGS 2003 Presentation
IITM Proprietary Information
 TeNeT Group
i-Mode IIT Madras

 By NTT DoCoMo
 Start Feb 1999

 Rapid subscriber growth

– 36 M (Apr 2003)

 Entertainment, Information

access, Database, Transactions

 Consolidation of WAP Forum and Open Mobile Architecture Initiative

– Wireless village, SyncML, Location Interoperability Forum (LIF), ...
 OMA will enable: location, gaming, web services, m-commerce
Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 20 WiNGS 2003 Presentation
IITM Proprietary Information
 TeNeT Group
IIT Madras

Coopetition

= Cooperation + Competition

Cooperation - to set global standard

Competition - products & services

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 21 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
China and Korea TeNeT Group
IIT Madras
China
 World’s largest cellular market (fastest growing)
– > 200 M cellular subscribers - 86 M (2000), 200M (2002)
 All major cellular standards / technologies present
– GSM, cdmaOne, GPRS, cdma2000, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA, …

 Significant investment - indigenous R&D in cellular, standardization

 Strong domestic support for indigenous technologies –TD-SCDMA

Korea
 Decision to invest in cdmaOne technology
 Leveraged traditional strength in manufacturing
 Rapid growth of domestic market (> 30 M subs, Penetration ~ 65%)
 Focus on Global market (Key players Samsung, LG Electronics)
– Aggressive introduction of new technologies in CDMA phones
 Focus on 3G deployment. Initiated 4G activities

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 22 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
India - GSM TeNeT Group
IIT Madras
 GSM technology is widely present
 Rapid growth in subscribers (slow compared to China)
– 2.78 M (2000), 10.48 M (2002)
 Many of the advanced features of GSM not yet deployed
– “pre Release’97” phase
– Commercial GPRS service available only in very few markets
 Limited spectrum availability
 Significant room for enhancements
– Capacity, performance
 Leverages the global volumes of GSM
– GSM and GSM derivatives – very attractive for Indian market
 GSM/GPRS utilizes all features introduced into WCDMA
 Supports all “3G applications”

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 23 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
India - WLL TeNeT Group
IIT Madras
 Wireless local loop – eliminate Copper wiring between subscriber
and local exchange
– Significant reduction in access cost
 WLL systems - provide “wireline” voice and Internet access
 Two technologies being deployed
– cdma2000 (Reliance, Tata, Bharti, Shyam, Essar, BSNL/MTNL)
– corDECT (Midas, Reliance, Tata, BSNL, Shyam)
 cdma2000 is a full-featured 3G cellular system
– WLL (limited mobility) will not fully utilize the features of cdma2000
– Good voice quality, enhanced data capabilities, attractive applications
– Capacity fully exploited thro’ accurate power control
– Effective for non-contiguous geographical coverage
 corDECT cost-effective for sparse user density areas
 WLL – a key part of increasing teledensity in India
– Currently teledensity is 2.6%. Target 15% by 2010

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 24 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
India Market TeNeT Group
IIT Madras
 Information compiled by Prof. Jhunjhunwala
Monthly telecom expenditure (assuming 4% income can be spent on telecom)
Rs 160 300 440 600 850 1250 2100 3100 7500
m i ll io n h o u se h o ld s

25
21.2
20
15.8
15 12.8

10
5.8
5 3.2
2.0
0.8 0.3 0.6
0
80 150 220 290 420 630 1040 1560 3730
monthly household income in $
 60% Urban households can spend < Rs 300 p.m. on Telecom  low ARPU
– 75% of rural households can spend < Rs. 150 p.m. on Telecom
 Operator can profitably serve these subscribers only by
– reducing capital expenditure (CAPEX) per line
– need CAPEX under Rs 10,000 per line (currently Rs. 30,000 per line)

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 25 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
India – Wireless Challenge TeNeT Group
IIT Madras
 India has a market size comparable to China
– Currently, growth rate and penetration significantly lower
 Multiple alternatives to wireless access
– GSM for cellular
– cdma2000 and corDECT for WLL
 Both systems (cellular and WLL) provide similar services
– Competition is healthy
– Government needs to ensure “level-playing field”
 Regulatory, tariffs, spectrum, …

 Focus: subscriber growth, affordability, quality, enhanced

applications, coverage “availability”
 Develop R&D base for wireless technologies
– Leverage strength in software
– Cost-effective technologies for global market
 Need to achieve significant increase in teledensity

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 26 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
Wireless Next Generation Initiative TeNeT Group
IIT Madras

Goal: Put India on the global wireless map for next generation
 India Next Generation Wireless Initiative
– Initiated by Govt. of India - Ministry of Communications and IT
 Academia / Industry / Government joint effort
 Being coordinated / led by IITM
– Prof. A. Jhunjhunwala is Chairman
 Key inputs to investigations
– User requirements, Cost models
– Technology assessment
 Identify core group of experts in wireless
– Involve international participants
 Identify list of activities and priorities
– Build on core competencies in India
 Lessons from China, Korea (role in 3G)

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 27 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
 TeNeT Group
Summary IIT Madras

 An exciting phase - migration to 3G

– Cellular, WLL, WLAN, Wireless data
– Significant growth phase for India
 New applications (MMS, WAP, i-Mode, M-Commerce)
 New technologies in cell phones (colour LCDs, cameras …)
 Network optimization (radio resources) is crucial
 Cost and teledensity are key factors for Indian market
 Convergence of Internet and Mobile Telephony
 Always Connected, Always Online, Wirelessly

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 28 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
 TeNeT Group
Summary IIT Madras

 An exciting phase - migration to 3G

– Cellular, WLL, WLAN, Wireless data
– Significant growth phase for India
 New applications (MMS, WAP, i-Mode, M-Commerce)
 New technologies in cell phones (colour LCDs, cameras …)
 Network optimization (radio resources) is crucial
 Cost and teledensity are key factors for Indian market
 Convergence of Internet and Mobile Telephony
 Always Connected, Always Online, Wirelessly, Affordably

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 29 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
 TeNeT Group
IIT Madras

My best wishes for the success of

WiNGS 2003
…

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 30 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information
 TeNeT Group
IIT Madras

My best wishes for the success of

WiNGS 2003
…

Thank You ...

Koilpillai/Aug 2003/ Wireless Opportunities-Challenges 31 WiNGS 2003 Presentation

IITM Proprietary Information