Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Around you
Everything you can see,
touch, smell or taste in
your room is made of
matter.
What Is Matter?
Matter is anything with
mass.
Typically, we think of tiny
little pieces of mass as
atoms and molecules
because those 117 elements
behave Newtonian. There
are over 200 smaller
particles that behave
Quantunian.
4
Nuclear
Potential energy in the nucleus of atoms.
Chemical
Potential energy in the attachment of atoms or because of
5
their position.
Solids
The particles in a solid are packed
close together and are fixed in
position.
Although they may vibrate.
Solids, Continued
Some solids have their particles
arranged in an orderly geometric
patternwe call these crystalline
solids.
Salt and diamonds.
Liquids
The particles in a liquid are closely packed,
but they have some ability to move around.
The close packing results in liquids being
incompressible.
The ability of the particles to move allows
liquids to take the shape of their container
and to flow. However, they dont have
enough freedom to escape and expand to fill
the container.
11
Gases
In the gas state, the particles have complete
freedom from each other.
The particles are constantly flying around,
bumping into each other and the container.
In the gas state, there is a lot of empty space
between the particles.
On average.
12
Gases, Continued
Because there is a lot of empty
space, the particles can be
squeezed closer together.
Therefore, gases are
compressible.
Because the particles are not
held in close contact and are
moving freely, gases expand to
fill and take the shape of their
container, and will flow.
13
Pure Substance
Constant Composition
Homogeneous
Mixture
Variable Composition
Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous
1. Made of
multiple
substances,
whose
presence can
be seen.
2. Portions of a
sample have
different
composition
and properties.
1. Made of
multiple
substances, but
appears to be
one substance.
2. All portions of
a sample have
the same
composition
and properties.
15
Matter Summary
16
Chapter One
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Electrical
Conductivity
Thermal
Conductivity
Magnetism
Malleability
Ductility
Specific Heat
Color
Order
Taste
Solid
Gas
19
Chemical Properties
Acidity
Basicity
Inertness
Explosiveness
Inflammable
Flammable
Oxidizing
Reducing
21
23
Separation of Mixtures
Separate mixtures based on different
physical properties of the components.
Physical change.
Different Physical Property
Technique
Boiling point
Distillation
Filtration
Adherence to a surface
Chromatography
Volatility
Evaporation
Density
Centrifugation and
decanting
28
29
30
Summary
Moving Matter has Energy. Motion is
related to temperature. All energy formulas
are relations between mass and temperature
Matter has 3 states
States/Properties/Change
are all related to temperature
Matter has properties
and how much you have
Matter can change
31
266 grams
+ 90 grams
266 grams
32
33
Energy
The Fundamental Principle of the Universe is
Energy
From the Greeks to Newton to Quantum
Mechanics Energy is known as the capacity to do
work and is simply calculated by knowing the
mass and velocity of a particle.
The harder you swing an ax the faster you can fall
a tree.
Guess what happens when you walk into a wall
.005 mph or 500 mph
34
Nuclear
Potential energy in the nucleus of atoms.
Chemical
Potential energy in the attachment of atoms or because of
35
their position.
36
37
Kinds of Energy
Kinetic and Potential
Potential energy is energy that is
stored; slow moving
Water flows because gravity pulls it
downstream.
However, the dam wont allow it to
move, so it has to store that energy.
41
Units of Energy
Calorie (cal) is the amount of energy needed to
raise one gram of water by 1 C.
kcal = energy needed to raise 1000 g of water 1 C.
food calories = kcals.
Energy Conversion Factors
1 calorie (cal)
1 Calorie (Cal)
1 kilowatt-hour (kWh)
=
=
Unit
joule (J)
Energy
Energy Required
Required to
to Raise
Light 100-W
Temperature of 1 g Bulb for 1
of Water by 1C
Hour
Energy
Used by
Average
U.S. Citizen
in 1 Day
4.18
3.6 x 105
9.0 x 108
calorie (cal)
1.00
8.60 x 104
2.2 x 108
Calorie (Cal)
1.00 x 10-3
86.0
2.2 x 105
kWh
1.1 x 10-6
0.100
2.50 x 102
43
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Given:
Solution
Map:
225 Cal
3 sig figs
?J
4.184 J
1 cal
Solution:
9.41 105 J
1 Cal
1 cal
Round:
Check.
Check:
45
Exothermic Processes
When a change results in the release of energy it is
called an exothermic process.
An exothermic chemical reaction occurs when the
reactants have more chemical potential energy
than the products.
The excess energy is released into the surrounding
materials, adding energy to them.
Often the surrounding materials get hotter from the
energy released by the reaction.
46
An Exothermic Reaction
Surroundings
reaction
Potential energy
Reactants
Amount
of energy
released
Products
47
Endothermic Processes
When a change requires the absorption of energy
it is called an endothermic process.
An endothermic chemical reaction occurs when
the products have more chemical potential energy
than the reactants.
The required energy is absorbed from the
surrounding materials, taking energy from them.
Often the surrounding materials get colder due to the
energy being removed by the reaction.
48
An Endothermic Reaction
Surroundings
reaction
Potential energy
Products
Amount
of energy
absorbed
Reactants
49
Temperature Scales
100C
373 K
212F
671 R
Boiling
point water
25C
298 K
75F
534 R
Room temp
0C
273 K
32F
459 R
-38.9C
234.1 K
-38F
421 R
Melting
point ice
Boiling
point
mercury
-183C
90 K
-297F
162 R
-269C
-273C 4 K
0 K -452F
-459 F 7 R
Celsius
Kelvin
Fahrenheit
Boiling
point
oxygen
BP helium
0 R Absolute
Rankine zero
F - 32
C
1.8
51
K C 273
53
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Given:
-25 C
units place
Find:
Equation:
Solution
Map:
K
K = C + 273
C
K C 273
Solution:
Round:
Check.
Check:
258 K
units place
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Given:
55 F
Find:
Equation:
Solution
Map:
F - 32
1.8
C
F
C
units place
and 2 sig figs
F - 32
1.8
Solution:
55 F - 32
Round:
Check.
Check:
1.8
12.778 C
12.778 C = 13 C
units place and 2 sig figs
2.
3.
4.
Given:
310 K
Find:
Equation:
Solution
Map:
5.
6.
Round:
Check.
Check:
7.
K = C + 273
K
units place
and 3 sig figs
F - 32
1.8
C = K - 273 F 1.8C 32
Solution:
C 310 273 37 C
F 1.837 C 32 98.6 F
98.6 F = 99 F
units place and 2 sig figs
57
C = 0.556(F-32)
C = 0.556(0-32)
C = -18 C
K = C + 273
K = (-18) + 273
K = 255 K
58
Heat Capacity
Heat capacity is the amount of heat a substance
must absorb to raise its temperature by 1 C.
cal/C or J/C.
Metals have low heat capacities; insulators have
high heat capacities.
Specific heat = heat capacity of 1 gram of the
substance.
cal/gC or J/gC.
Waters specific heat = 4.184 J/gC for liquid.
Or 1.000 cal/gC.
It is less for ice and steam.
59
Specific Heat
J/gC
Aluminum
0.903
Carbon (dia)
0.508
Carbon (gra)
0.708
Copper
0.385
Gold
0.128
Iron
0.449
Lead
0.128
Silver
0.235
Ethanol
2.42
Water (l)
4.184
Water (s)
2.03
Water (g)
2.02
61
q = m x C x DT
62
2.
3.
4.
5.
Given:
m = 2.5 g, T1 = 25.0 C,
T2= 29.9 C, C = 0.372 J/gC
Find:
q, J
q m C DT
m, C, DT
Solution
Map:
Solution:
q m C DT
6.
7.
Round:
Check.
Check:
4.557 J = 4.6 J
2 significant figures
64
Sort
Information
Strategize
Given:
T1 = 49 C, T2 = 29 C, m = 7.40 g
Find:
q, J
Solution Map:
Cs m, DT
q m Cs T
Relationships:
q = m Cs DT
Cs = 4.18 J/gC (Table 3.4)
Solution:
Follow the
DT T2 T1
concept
plan to
DT 29 C - 49C
solve the
- 20 C
problem.
Check:
Check.
q m Cs T
7.40 g 4.18 g C - 20 C
J
618.64 J 6.2 10 2 J
The unit and sign are correct.