Pembangunan

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pembangunan

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Konsep generic - pertumbuhan;
kemajuan; evolusi; dikaitkan dgn
modenisasi; industrilisasi; perbandaran
P'bgnan sebagai satu usaha yg
dilakukan secara sedar oleh negara,
kerajaan bersama rakyat utk tingkat
taraf hidup
Satu proses yg terjadi pd tahap atau
tingkat sistem sosial (Rogers (1964)
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World

Bank views development as "a

transformation of society, a movement
from traditional relations, traditional
ways of thinking, traditional methods of
production, to more modern ways".

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Stiglitz

(1999) argues that a

characteristic of traditional societies is
the acceptance of the world as it is; the
modern perspective recognizes
change, it recognises that we, as
individuals and societies, can take
actions that, for instance, reduce
mortality, increase life spans, and
increase productivity.
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Development should, then, be viewed as a multidimensional process involving major changes in

social structures, popular attitudes and a
national condition of life from unsatisfactory to
satisfactory (Servaes 1999:77).

In this regard, argues Servaes (1999),

satisfactory means materially well to do and
spiritually happy or content with what one (or
country with reference to this study unit) has
got.
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Kemajuan, pembangunan dan pemodenan
sebagai satu yang sama - peralihan drp
masyarakat tani kpd masyarakat industri
(Tehranian, 1979)
Pembangunan membangkitkan masyarakat
di negara membangunan drp keadaan
miskin, tahap celik huruf yg rendah,
penganguran yg tinggi dam ketidakadilan
sosial kpd kead yg lebih baik (termasuk
sosial, eko dan politik) (Seers, 1969)
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Dudley Seers argues that development is about outcomes,
that is, development occurs with the reduction and
elimination of poverty, inequality, and unemployment
within a growing economy

Professor Michael Todaro sees three objectives of

development:

Producing more life sustaining necessities such as food,

shelter, and health care and broadening their distribution
Raising standards of living and individual self esteem
Expanding economic and social choice and reducing fear

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Pembangunan

sebagai satu
pembebasan; memerdekakan rakyat
drp kongkongan kebodohan/ kejahilan
melalui usaha menggerakkan komuniti
yg berada dilapisan bawahan sehingga
dpt menguasai tindak tanduk mrk dlm
menentukan kehendak ( Freire, 1972)

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The Human Development Index

The Human Development Index (HDI) is the measure of

life expectancy, literacy, education, and standard of
living for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of
measuring well-being, especially child welfare. It is used
to determine and indicate whether a country is a
developed, developing, or underdeveloped country and
also to measure the impact of economic policies on
quality of life.

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The Human Development Index (HDI)

HDI measures the average achievements in a

country in three basic dimensions of human
development:

A long and healthy life, as measured by life

expectancy at birth.
Knowledge and education, as measured by the
adult literacy rate
A decent standard of living, as measured by the
log of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at
purchasing power parity (PPP) in USD.

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Jenis pembangunan

Pembangunan ekonomi & ciri

Pembangunan sosial & ciri
Pembangunan politik & ciri
Pembangunan insan & ciri
Pembangunan lestari & ciri

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Pembangunan ekonomi
Economic development is the development of
economic wealth of countries or regions for the wellbeing of their inhabitants.
From a policy perspective, economic development can
be defined as efforts that seek to improve the
economic well-being and quality of life for a community
by creating and/or retaining jobs and supporting or
growing incomes and the tax base.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development

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Pembangunan ekonomi
Economic development encompasses three
major areas:
1) Policies that governments undertake to meet broad

economic objectives such as price stability, high

employment, expanded tax base, and sustainable
growth.Such efforts include monetary and fiscal
policies, regulation of financial institutions, trade, and
tax policies.

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Pembangunan ekonomi
Economic development encompasses three
major areas:
2) Policies and programs to provide infrastructure
and services such as highways, parks, affordable
housing, crime prevention, and K-workers

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Pembangunan ekonomi
Economic development encompasses three major areas:
3) Policies and programs explicitly directed at job creation and
retention through specific efforts in business finance,
marketing, neighbourhood development, small business
development, business retention and expansion, technology
transfer, and real estate development. This third category is a
primary focus of economic development professionals.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development

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Ciri-ciri pembangunan ekonomi

Peningkatan dalam kadar KDNK

kenaikan dalam pendapatan perkapita
produktiviti juga meningkat bagi memenuhi permintaan
peningkatan dalam pelaburan berlaku - seperti pembinaan
jalanraya dan lebuhraya, sekolah, terusan dan pengairan,
klinik dan hospital, penyediaan kemudahan bekalan air dan
elektrik, komunikasi, pembukaan pusat kediaman dan bandar
baru yang mana dalam jangka panjang dapat
menyumbangkan pula kepada pertumbuhan ekonomi negara.
Contoh lain - pembinaan jalanraya , sekolah, hospital
simpanan atau tabungan meningkat (oleh individu, agensi
kerajaan, kerajaan/negara)
Pembangunan ekonomi adalah merupakan sumber kepada
pelaburan pembangunan sosial melalui mana peruntukan
(modal) dan belanjawan pengurusan dapat disediakan

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Jenis pembangunan
Pembangunan sosial & ciri
the term social development refers
to qualitative changes in the structure
and functioning of society that help
society to better realize its aims and
objectives.

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Pembangunan sosial

sering dikaitkan dengan penyediaan kemudahan awam

atau infrastruktur sosial (Kemudahan ini tidak mampu
disediakan oleh rakyat) oleh pemerintah dan
dimanfaatkan pula oleh rakyat yang tinggal di desa,
bandar, mukim,
Antaranya ialah penyediaan kemudahan seperti sekolah,
hospital dan klinik, kediaman, balai polis dan bomba, jalan
raya, jambatan, telefon, bekalan air dan elektrik serta balai
raya.

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Pembangunan sosial

Kemudahan sosial memberikan perkhidmatan

tertentu iaitu pendidikan, kesihatan, perlindungan,
keselamatan, perhubungan, komunikasi,
kelengkapan moden dan pusat perkumpulan
komuniti.
Jika dimanfaatkan dengan bijak kemudahn sosial
dapat memberi faedah kepada komuniti sehingga
mengizinkan perubahan sosial berlaku.

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Pembangunan sosial

Peningkatan mutu penyediaan

perkhidmatan sosial meningkatkan pula
kualiti hidup komuniti & meningkatkan
kesejahteraan hidup
Meningkatnya kesejahteraan
membolehkan komunti berusaha dan
bekerja dengan lebih giat bagi
menyumbang kepada peningkatan
produktiviti akhirnya menyumbang pula
kepada ekonomi negara.
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Jenis pembangunan
Pembangunan politik & ciri
Jelaskan berasaskan penjelasan seperti yg
dibincangkan terdahulu

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Jenis pembangunan
Pembangunan insan & ciri
Jelaskan berasaskan penjelasan seperti yg
dibincangkan terdahulu

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Jenis pembangunan
Pembangunan lestari & ciri
Jelaskan berasaskan penjelasan seperti yg
dibincangkan terdahulu

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Apakah tujuan pembangunan?

Tingkat taraf hidup

Tingkat kualiti hidup
Kesejahteraan hidup
Basmi kemiskinan & pengagihan
Wujudkan keadilan sosial
Perubahan sosial
Tradisi -> moden
Tingkat produktiviti
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Kesimpulan mengenai
pembangunan:
Development in the new perspective has been referred
to as an overall process of transforming men and
societies leading to a social order in which every
human being can achieve moral and material well
being (FAO)
Development has also been referred to as a whole,
integrated, value-loaded cultural process
encompassing the natural environment, social
relations, education, production, consumption and well
being (Dag Hammarskjold Report, 1975)

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