You are on page 1of 17

Psychosis adalah penyakit yang ditandai dengan

sensorium baik,tapi terjadi gangguan pemikiran atau


tilikan yg menyebabkan ketidakmampuan seseorang
menilai realita dengan fantasinya sendiri
Pathogenesis :
tidak diketahui secara pasti
faktor genetik???
hipotesa-hipotesa :
- Atrofi otak
- Multiple neurotransmitter
- Dopamine hypothesis

1. Most antipsychotic drugs strongly block postsynaptic


D2 recr in the CNS, especially in the mesolimbicfrontal system
2. Drugs that dopaminergic activity: levodopa ( a
precursor), amphetamines (releaser of dopamine), or
apomorphine ( a direct dopamine agonist) aggravate
schizophrenia or produce psychosis
3. Dopamine recr density has been found, post
mortem in the brains of schizophrenics who have
not been treated with antipsychotic drugs

4. Succesful treatment of schizophrenic patients has


been reported to change the amount of homovanillic
acid (HVA), a metabolite of dopamine, in the CSF,
plasma, and urine.

Dopamin

1. Phenothiazine derivatives:
- Aliphatic derivatives (eg. Chlorpromazine)
- Piperidine derivative (eg. Thioridazine): more potent and
more selective
2. Thioxanthene derivative: thiothixene
- Less potent than their phenothiazine analogs
3. Butyrophenone derivatives: haloperidol
- diphenylbutylpiperidine: more potent and to have fewer
autonomic effects
4. Miscellaneous structures: pimozide, molindone, loxapine,
clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone,
ziprasidone, and aripiprazole

1. Typical antipsychotics (Dopamine D2 recr antagonist)


- chlorpromazin
- haloperidol
- fluphenazine
2. Atypical antipsychotics (D2 recr, 5-HT2, other CNS recr
antagonist)
- clozapine
- risperidone
- sulpiride
- olanzepine

Block D2 receptor : mesolimbic and possibly


mesocortical D2 receptor
Less effective at controlling the negative symptoms of
schizophrenia

Pertama kali ditemukan

CPZ pada penderita skizofrenia ternyata berefek

mengurangi delusi dan halusinasi tanpa efek sedatif


yang berlebihan dengan bekerja memblokade reseptor
dopamin D2
Penggunaan CPZ sering menimbulkan hipotensi
orthostatik pada waktu merubah posisi tubuh.
Dapat menyebabkan gejala ekstrapiramidal

Block D2 receptor, 5-HT2 recr


More effective than typical antipsychotics at treating the
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Risperidone:
- block D2,5-HT2, a-adrenergic (a1 dan a2), H1 recr
-non sedatif
- lebih poten dibandingkan clozapine pada reseptor D2
Clozapine:
- block D1-5,5-HT2, a1-adrenergic , H1 and muscarinic recr
- In patients who have failed other antipsychotic drugs
- Not as 1 st line agents agranulocytosis

Merupakan antipsikotik baru, termasuk kelompok


atipikal.
Jarang menyebabkan gangguan extrapiramidal
Meningkatkan berat badan
Menimbulkan sedasi
Dapat terjadi agranulositosis
Dapat terjadi hipotensi ortostatik
Strong anticholinergic activity
Dipergunakan hanya pada kasus yang parah yang tidak

responsif terhadap obat lain.

Umumnya dikonsumsi secara oral, yang melewati

first-pass metabolism di hepar.


injeksi short-acting Intramuscular (IM) atau Intra
Venous (IV)

Dalam pemberian dosis, perlu dipertimbangkan:


Onset efek primer (efek klinis) : sekitar 2-4 minggu
Onset efek sekunder (efek samping) : sekitar 2-6 jam
Waktu paruh 12-24 jam (pemberian 1-2 kali perhari)

Mulailah dosis awal dengan dosis anjuran

Naikkan setiap 2-3 hari hingga dosis efektif (sindroma

psikosis reda)
Evaluasi setiap 2 minggu dan bila perlu dinaikkan
dosis optimal
Dipertahankan sekitar 8-12 minggu (stabilisasi)
Diturunkan setiap 2 minggu sampai dosis
maintenance
Dipertahankan selama 6 bulan 2 tahun (diselingi
drug holiday 1-2 hari/minggu
tapering off (dosis
diturunkan tiap 2-4 minggu)
stop

Highly lipophilic
Highly bound to plasma protein
Acute patients : IM, Chronic therapy: oral
Haloperidol and fluphenazine : decanoate ester
slowly hydrolized and release long acting
formulation (3-4 weeks)

Antiparkinson drugs
Benzodiazepine : potentiate the sedative effect

You might also like