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T
1 T
2
2
c
k T , or
T
t
t
k
where =
is the thermal diffusivity
c
Fig. 5.1
Biot No. Bi
Defined to describe the relative resistance in a thermal circuit of
the convection compared
hLc Lc / kA
Internal conduction resistance within solid
Bi
k
1 / hA External convection resistance at body surface
Lc is a characteristic length of the body
GE:
dT
hA
T T
dt
mc p
Solution:
BC:
T t 0 Ti
let T T , therefore
d
hA
dt
mc p
hA
ln
t
i
mc p
e
i
hA
t
mc p
T T
e
Ti T
mc p
hA
T T
hA
T
exp(
t)
T0 T
cV
hA
hLc k 1 1
t
t Bi 2 t
cV
Lc
k c Lc Lc
Thermal diffusivity:
k
c
(m s-1)
Fo
Lc
T = exp(-Bi*Fo)
where Lc is a characteristic length scale : realte to the size of the solid invloved in the problem
r
for example , Lc o (half - radius) when the solid is a cylinder.
2
r
Lc o (one - third radius) when the solid is sphere
3
Lc L (half thickness) when the solid is aplane wall with a 2L thickness
a x 2
T ( x, 0) Ti
T
x
T, h
T, h
0
x 0
T
k
x
hT ( L, t ) T
x l
x= -L x*=x/L
x=+L
T T
i Ti T
*
x*
Dimensionless coordinate:
Dimensionless time:
t*
Bi
x
L
Fo
hL
k solid
The solution for temperature will now be a function of the other non-dimensional
quantities
* f ( x * , Fo, Bi )
Exact Solution:
Cn exp n2 Focos n x *
n 1
4 sin n
Cn
2 n sin 2 n
n tan n Bi
The roots (eigenvalues) of the equation can be obtained from tables given in standard textbooks.
Fo 0.2
Fo ( x * 0)
T T
C1 exp 12 Fo
Ti T
*
0
* 0* cos 1 x *
Change in thermal energy storage with time:
and
and time ( Fo ):
E st Q
sin 1 *
0
Q Q0 1
1
Q0 cV Ti T
T T
c
k
S
t x x
The term on the left hand side of above eq. is the storage term,
arising out of accumulation/depletion of heat in the domain under
consideration. Note that the eq. is a partial differential equation as a
result of an extra independent variable, time (t). The corresponding
grid system is shown in fig. on next slide.
t
(dx)w
(dx)e
w
P
W
t CV c t dV dt t cv x k x dV dt t CV SdV dt
t t
t t
t t T
T T
w t c t dt dV t kA x e kA x w dt t S V dt
e
t t
new
old
P
V
t
ke A TE TP k w A TP TW
x
xw
e
t t
dt S V dt
new
old
dt
P
P t
P P
t
f ke
xe
xw
TEold TPold
(1 f ) ke
xe
TPold TWold
k w
xw
S x
;
;
;
;
a P aW a E a
0
P
0
P
kw
aW
xw
aE
ke
xe
b S x
f=0
f=0.5
TP new
f=1
t+Dt
Explicit scheme
Linearizing the source term as and setting f = 0
x
a P0 c
t
kw
aW
xw
ke
aE
xe
;
;
;
;
x
k
k
c ( w e ) 0
t xw xe
x 2k
c
t x
(x) 2
t c
2k
1
1
a P (a E aW ) a P0 S P
2
2
TW TWold
aW
2
x
a c
t
0
P
0 aE aW 0
aP
TP b
2
2
k
aW w
xw
k
aE e
xe
1
b Su S pTpold
2
;
;
(x) 2
t c
k
a P0 c
x
t
kw
aW
xw
ke
aE
xe
General remarks:
A system of algebraic equations must be solved at each time
level. The accuracy of the scheme is first-order in time. The time
marching procedure starts with a given initial field of the scalar
0. The system is solved after selecting time step t. For the
implicit scheme, all coefficients are positive, which makes it
unconditionally stable for any size of time step. Hence, the
implicit method is recommended for general purpose transient
calculations because of its robustness and unconditional stability.