ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Whats this ?

Is it real ??

Aral Sea
Man made environmental disaster

In this lecture

Pollution and Pollutants

Types of Pollution
Effects of Pollution
Managing pollution

Pollution
Introduction by man,
waste matter or surplus
energy into the
environment, which
directly or indirectly
causes damage to man
and his environment

Pollutant
A substance or effect
which adversely alters
the environment by
changing the growth
rate of species,
interferes with the
food chain, is toxic, or
interferes with
health, comfort
amenities or property
values of people

The Issue
We use Resources
extensively and then are
NOT responsible for
The Consequences !!!

EFFECTS ON BIOSPHERE
1. Damage to human health by specific
chemical substances present in the air, food,
water and radioactive material
2. Damage to natural environment affecting
vegetation, animals, crops, soil and water
3. Damage to visual quality by smoke, fumes,
dust, noise and waste
4. Damage by carcinogens, radioactive
materials and excessive noise

Bioaccumulation

Drinking water and death ! ..

Woman dies
after water drinking
contest
SACRAMENTO, Calif. .
A woman who competed in a radio
station.s contest to see how much
water she could drink without going
to the bathroom died of water
intoxication, the coroner.s office said
Saturday.
2007 !

TYPES OF POLLUTION

Air pollution, the release of chemicals and particulates into

the atmosphere. Common gaseous air pollutants include
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
and nitrogen oxides
Water pollution, by the release of waste products and
contaminants into surface runoff into river drainage systems,
leaching into groundwater, liquid spills, wastewater
discharges, eutrophication and littering.
Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by
spill or underground leakage.
Noise pollution, which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft
noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar.
Light pollution, includes light trespass, over-illumination and
astronomical interference.
Thermal pollution, is a temperature change in natural water
bodies caused by human influence, such as use of water as
coolant in a power plant.

Water Pollution

Organic water pollutants

Detergents
Disinfection by-products found in chemically disinfected
drinking water, such as chloroform
Food processing waste, which can include oxygendemanding substances, fats and grease
Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of organohalides
and other chemical compounds
Petroleum hydrocarbons, including fuels (gasoline, diesel
fuel, jet fuels, and fuel oil) and lubricants (motor oil), and
fuel combustion byproducts, from stormwater runoff[15]
Tree and bush debris from logging operations
Various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene
and cosmetic products

Inorganic water pollutants

Acidity caused by industrial discharges (especially
sulfur dioxide from power plants)
Ammonia from food processing waste
Chemical waste as industrial by-products
Fertilizers containing nutrients--nitrates and
phosphates--which are found in stormwater runoff
from agriculture, as well as commercial and residential
use
Heavy metals from motor vehicles (via urban
stormwater runoff) and acid mine drainage
Silt (sediment) in runoff from construction sites,
logging, slash and burn practices or land clearing sites

Industrial Sources Responsible

for Organic Pollution

Distillery
Canning
organic
matter
Sugar
Cheese Making

Depletion of
DO

Industrial Sources
Responsible for Inorganic
Pollution
Sources
Fertilizer Soap and
detergen
Rubber and latex
Agricultural farms

Effluent
Ammonia
Phosphates

Problems
algal blooms
reduced light penetration
re-aeration
(eutrophication)

Eutrophication

Industrial Sources Responsible for Heavy

Metal Pollution

Sources

Effluent

Problems

Paper and pulp

Mercury

Minamata disease

Tanneries

Iron
Nickel

Chromium toxic to aquatic

life and self purifying

Textile

Lead
Zinc

Toxic to humans

Coke-oven

Arsenic
Cadmium -

Itai-itai disease

Metal plating

Copper
Silver

Bio accumulate

Air Pollution
Polluted air affects:
Humans
Animals
Vegetation
Materials

Major primary pollutants produced by

human activity
Sulfur oxides (SOx) - especially sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with
the formula SO2.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - especially nitrogen dioxide
Carbon monoxide - is a colourless, odourless, non-irritating but very
poisonous gas.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) - a greenhouse gas emitted from combustion
Particulate matter - Particulates
Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone layer emitted from
products currently banned from use.
Ammonia (NH3) - emitted from agricultural processes.
Odors such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes
Radioactive pollutants - produced by nuclear explosions, war explosives,
and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon.

Effects from Air Pollution

Global warming
Ozone depletion
(Ozone hole)
Acid Rain
Various respiratory
illnesses

Air Pollution has

No
Boundaries

Pollution of air
Particulate Matter PM10 (<10 m)
Dust (e.g. cement dust, bagasse,
foundry dust and wind blown solid
dust)
Mist
Smoke
Carbon black
Aerosols

Soil pollution
caused by the presence of man-made
chemicals or other alteration in the natural
soil environment.
underground storage tanks,
application of pesticides,
percolation of contaminated surface water
to subsurface strata
oil and fuel dumping,
leaching of wastes from landfills or direct
discharge of industrial wastes to the soil.
The most common chemicals involved are
petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents,
pesticides, lead and other heavy metals

Land Pollution
Urbanization and
Concentration of Population
Municipal Solid Waste
Industrial Waste and
Hazardous Waste
Uncontrolled .Land Treatment.
Burning open dumps and
forest fires
Deforestation
Mining and Erosion

Noise Pollution
Exposure to prolong noise
affects speech, hearing,
general health and
behaviour.
Noise Levels . dB
Intensity
frequency
periods of exposure and
duration

 Noise pollution can cause annoyance and

aggression, hypertension, high stress levels,
hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other
harmful effects. Furthermore, stress and
hypertension are the leading causes to health
problems, whereas tinnitus can lead to
forgetfulness, severe depression and at times
panic attacks.

Intensity (Loudness)
Measure of acoustic
energy of the sound
vibrations
Expressed in terms of
sound pressure
Decibels (dB) are the unit
of measurement on the
Loudness scale

Comparative Noise Levels (dB)

Walkman (1/2 volume)

Telephone Dial tone
Talking at Three Feet
Quiet Urban Daytime
Quiet Urban Nighttime
Quiet Rural Nighttime

94
80
65
50
40
25

Industrial Noise Sources

Metal fabrication (pressing, grinding, chipping
etc.)
High pressure burners in furnaces
Turbines
Compressors
Pumps
Welding machines
Cranes and other vehicles
Pipe lines carrying high velocity fluids and solids
Vibrating and grinding equipment

Light pollution

health effects may be caused by light

pollution
increased headache incidence,
worker fatigue,
medically defined stress,
decrease in sexual function
increase in anxiety.
Likewise, animal models have been studied
demonstrating unavoidable light to produce
adverse effect on mood and anxiety.

Thermal pollution
the degradation of water quality by any process
that changes ambient water temperature
impacts organisms by (a) decreasing oxygen
supply, and (b) affecting ecosystem composition.
decreases the level of dissolved oxygen (DO) in
water
increase the metabolic rate of aquatic animals
organisms consuming more food in a shorter time
problem of compromising food chains
Biodiversity can be decreased

Electro pollution !

Pollution Management
Wastewater
Treatment

Physical Methods

Solvent extraction
Evaporation
Distillation
Filtration
Reverse Osmosis
Electrodialysis
Adsorption

Biological waste water treatment

Aerobic treatment
Anaerobic treatment
The organic load is defined by the Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD).
In aerobic systems the water is aerated with
compressed air (in some cases oxygen).
Anaerobic systems run under oxygen free
conditions . biogas is a useful product.

Air Pollution Control

Use tall stacks
Source reduction by process and
raw material changes (eg. Improved
furnace design and low S fuel)
Recover valuable material (eg. Hg)
Bag filters, scrubbers, ESP, cyclone
separators
Absorption, adsorption, combustion
and catalytic reaction

Land Pollution Control

Integrated Solid Waste Management

Good agricultural practices
Remediation of polluted soils
Prevention of erosion and silting
Containment of hazardous waste and waste
water treatment using land treatment
techniques

3R Principle

Reduce
Reuse
Recycle

Noise Pollution Control

Control noise at source by proper choice of
equipment, design modification, mounting
and proper layout
Isolation or use of baffles
Use of ear protection devices

Thank you
See ya
and
Keep in touch
to earth