You are on page 1of 68

Channel Routing

Continuity equation

Hydrologic Routing
Hydraulic Routing
Momentum Equation

Simulate the movement of water through a channel


Used to predict the magnitudes, volumes, and
temporal patterns of the flow (often a flood wave)
as it translates down a channel.
2 types of routing : hydrologic and hydraulic.
both of these methods use some form of the
continuity equation.

Continuity Equation
Continuity equation
Hydrologic Routing

The change in storage (dS) equals the difference


between inflow (I) and outflow (O) or :

Hydraulic Routing
Momentum Equation

dS
=I -O
dt
For open channel flow, the continuity equation
is also often written as :

A Q
+
=q
t x

A = the cross-sectional area,


Q = channel flow, and
q = lateral inflow

Hydrologic Routing
Continuity equation

Hydrologic Routing
Hydraulic Routing
Momentum Equation

Methods combine the continuity equation with some


relationship between storage, outflow, and possibly
inflow.
These relationships are usually assumed, empirical,
or analytical in nature.
An of example of such a relationship might be a
stage-discharge relationship.

Use of Manning Equation


Continuity equation
Hydrologic Routing

Stage is also related to the outflow via a relationship


such as Manning's equation

Hydraulic Routing
Momentum Equation

1.49
Q
ARh S f
n
2

Hydraulic Routing
Continuity equation

Hydrologic Routing
Hydraulic Routing
Momentum Equation

Hydraulic routing methods combine the continuity


equation with some more physical relationship
describing the actual physics of the movement of the
water.
The momentum equation is the common relationship
employed.
In hydraulic routing analysis, it is intended that the
dynamics of the water or flood wave movement be
more accurately described

Momentum Equation
Continuity equation
Hydrologic Routing

Expressed by considering the external forces acting on a


control section of water as it moves down a channel

Hydraulic Routing
Momentum Equation

v
v g ( y A) vg
+V
+
+ = g( S o - S f )
t
x A 2x
A

Henderson (1966) expressed the momentum equation as :

y v v 1 v
S f = So - x g x g t

Combinations of Equations
Continuity equation

Simplified Versions :

Hydrologic Routing
Hydraulic Routing
Momentum Equation

S f = So -

y v v 1 v
x g x g t

Unsteady -Nonuniform

S f = So -

y v v
x g x

Steady - Nonuniform

S f = So -

y
x

Diffusion or noninertial

Sf = So

Kinematic

Routing Methods
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic

Modified Puls
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

The modified puls routing method is probably most often


applied to reservoir routing
The method may also be applied to river routing for
certain channel situations.
The modified puls method is also referred to as the
storage-indication method.
The heart of the modified puls equation is found by
considering the finite difference form of the continuity
equation.

Modified Puls
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

I 1 + I 2 - ( O1 + O2 = S 2 - S 1
2
2
t

2 S1
2 S2
- O1 =
+ O2
I1+ I2 +
t
t

Continuity Equation

Rewritten

The solution to the modified puls method is accomplished by


developing a graph (or table) of O -vs- [2S/t + O]. In order
to do this, a stage-discharge-storage relationship must be
known, assumed, or derived.

10

Modified Puls
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

11

Modified Puls Example


Given the following hydrograph and the 2S/t + O curve, find the
outflow hydrograph for the reservoir assuming it to be completely full at
the beginning of the storm.
The following hydrograph is given:

Discharge (cfs)

Hydrograph For Modified Puls Example


180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0

10

Time (hr)
12

Modified Puls Example


The following 2S/t + O curve is also given:

13

Modified Puls Example


A table may be created as follows:
Time
(hr)

In
(cfs)

In+In+1
(cfs)

2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1


(cfs)
(cfs)

On+1
(cfs)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

14

Modified Puls Example


Next, using the hydrograph and interpolation, insert the Inflow
(discharge) values.
For example at 1 hour, the inflow is 30 cfs.
In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0

In+In+1
(cfs)

2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1


(cfs)
(cfs)

On+1
(cfs)

Hydrograph For Modified Puls Example


Discharge (cfs)

Time
(hr)

180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0

Time (hr)

15

10

Modified Puls Example


The next step is to add the inflow to the inflow in the next time step.
For the first blank the inflow at 0 is added to the inflow at 1 hour to
obtain a value of 30.
Time
(hr)

In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0

In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1


(cfs)
(cfs)
(cfs)
30

On+1
(cfs)

16

Modified Puls Example


This is then repeated for the rest of the values in the column.
Time
(hr)

In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0

In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1


(cfs)
(cfs)
(cfs)
30
90
150
210
270
330
315
225
135
45
0
0
0

On+1
(cfs)

17

Modified Puls Example


The 2Sn/t + On+1 column can then be calculated using the following
equation:
2 S1
2 S2
- O1 =
+ O2
I1+ I2 +
t
t

Note that 2Sn/t - On and On+1 are set to zero.


Time
(hr)

In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0

In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1


(cfs)
(cfs)
(cfs)
30
0
90
30
150
210
270
330
315
225
135
45
0
0
0

On+1
(cfs)
0

30 + 0 = 2Sn/t + On+1

18

Modified Puls Example


Then using the curve provided outflow can be determined.
In this case, since 2Sn/t + On+1 = 30, outflow = 5 based on the graph
provided.
Time
(hr)

In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0

In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1


(cfs)
(cfs)
(cfs)
30
0
90
30
150
210
270
330
315
225
135
45
0
0
0

On+1
(cfs)
0
5

19

Modified Puls Example


To obtain the final column, 2Sn/t - On, two times the outflow is
subtracted from 2Sn/t + On+1.
In this example 30 - 2*5 = 20
Time
(hr)

In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0

In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1


(cfs)
(cfs)
(cfs)
30
0
90
20
30
150
210
270
330
315
225
135
45
0
0
0

On+1
(cfs)
0
5

20

Modified Puls Example


The same steps are repeated for the next line.
First 90 + 20 = 110.
From the graph, 110 equals an outflow value of 18.
Finally 110 - 2*18 = 74
Time
(hr)

In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0

In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1


(cfs)
(cfs)
(cfs)
30
0
90
20
30
150
74
110
210
270
330
315
225
135
45
0
0
0

On+1
(cfs)
0
5
18

21

Modified Puls Example


This process can then be repeated for the rest of the columns.
Now a list of the outflow values have been calculated and the
problem is complete.
Time
(hr)

In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0

In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1


(cfs)
(cfs)
(cfs)
30
0
90
20
30
150
74
110
210
160
224
270
284
370
330
450
554
315
664
780
225
853
979
135
948
1078
45
953
1085
0
870
998
0
746
870
0
630
746

On+1
(cfs)
0
5
18
32
43
52
58
63
65
65
64
62
58

22

Kinematic Wave
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

Kinematic wave channel routing is probably the most


basic form of hydraulic routing.
This method combines the continuity equation with a
very simplified form of the St. Venant equations.
Kinematic wave routing assumes that the friction slope
is equal to the bed slope.
Additionally, the kinematic wave form of the
momentum equation assumes a simple stage-discharge
relationship.

23

Kinematic Wave Basic


Equations
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

A Q
+
= qL
t x

Q = Am

An explicit finite difference scheme in a spacetime grid domain is often used for the solution
of the kinematic wave procedure.

t
X
24

Working Equation
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

(m-1)

A(i, j -1) + A(i-1, j -1)


A(i, j) - A(i, j -1)
+ m

t
2

q(i, j) + q(i, j -1)


A(i, j -1) - A(i-1, j -1)
=
q
=

x
2

t
X

25

Wave Speed TOO Fast?


Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

When the average celerity, c, is greater than the


ratio x/t, a conservative form of these
equations is applied. In this conservative form,
the spatial and temporal derivatives are only
estimated at the previous time step and previous
location.

Q(i, j) - Q(i-1, j)
x

Ai -1, j) - A(i-1, j -1)


=q
t

26

Kinematic Wave Assumptions


Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

The method does not explicitly allow for separation of the


main channel and the overbanks.
Strictly speaking, the kinematic method does not allow
for attenuation of a flood wave. Only translation is
accomplished. There is, however, a certain amount of
attenuation which results from the finite difference
approximation used to solve the governing equations.The
hydrostatic pressure distribution is assumed to be
applicable, thus neglecting any vertical accelerations.
No lateral, secondary circulations may be present, i.e. the channel is represented by a straight line.
Channel slopes should be 10% or less.
The channel is stable with no lateral migration,
degradation, and aggredation.
Flow resistance may be estimated via Manning's equation
27
or the Chezy equation.

Muskingum Method
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

Sp = K O

Prism Storage

Sw = K(I - O)X

Wedge Storage

S = K[XI + (1-X)O]

Combined

28

Muskingum, cont...
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

Substitute storage equation, S into the S in


the continuity equation yields :

dS
=I -O
dt

S = K[XI + (1-X)O]

O2 = C0 I2 + C1 I1 + C2 O1
C0 = -

Kx - 0.5t
K - Kx + 0.5t

C1 =

Kx + 0.5t
K - Kx + 0.5t

C2 =

K - Kx - 0.5t
K - Kx + 0.5t

29

Muskingum Notes :
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

The method assumes a single stage-discharge


relationship.
In other words, for any given discharge, Q, there can be
only one stage height.
This assumption may not be entirely valid for certain
flow situations.
For instance, the friction slope on the rising side of a
hydrograph for a given flow, Q, may be quite different
than for the recession side of the hydrograph for the
same given flow, Q.
This causes an effect known as hysteresis, which can
introduce errors into the storage assumptions of this
method.
30

Estimating K
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

K is estimated to be the travel time through the reach.


This may pose somewhat of a difficulty, as the travel
time will obviously change with flow.
The question may arise as to whether the travel time
should be estimated using the average flow, the peak
flow, or some other flow.
The travel time may be estimated using the kinematic
travel time or a travel time based on Manning's
equation.

31

Estimating X
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

The value of X must be between 0.0 and 0.5.


The parameter X may be thought of as a weighting coefficient
for inflow and outflow.
As inflow becomes less important, the value of X decreases.
The lower limit of X is 0.0 and this would be indicative of a
situation where inflow, I, has little or no effect on the storage.
A reservoir is an example of this situation and it should be
noted that attenuation would be the dominant process
compared to translation.
Values of X = 0.2 to 0.3 are the most common for natural
streams; however, values of 0.4 to 0.5 may be calibrated for
streams with little or no flood plains or storage effects.
A value of X = 0.5 would represent equal weighting between
inflow and outflow and would produce translation with little
or no attenuation.
32

More Notes - Muskingum


Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

The Handbook of Hydrology (Maidment, 1992)


includes additional cautions or limitations in the
Muskingum method.
The method may produce negative flows in the initial
portion of the hydrograph.
Additionally, it is recommended that the method be
limited to moderate to slow rising hydrographs being
routed through mild to steep sloping channels.
The method is not applicable to steeply rising
hydrographs such as dam breaks.
Finally, this method also neglects variable backwater
effects such as downstream dams, constrictions, bridges,
and tidal influences.
33

Muskingum Example Problem


A portion of the inflow hydrograph to a reach of channel is given
below. If the travel time is K=1 unit and the weighting factor is
X=0.30, then find the outflow from the reach for the period shown
below:

Time

C0I2

Inflow
0
1
2
3
4
5

3
5
10
8
6
5

C1I1

C2O1

Outflow
3

34

Muskingum Example Problem


The first step is to determine the coefficients in this problem.
The calculations for each of the coefficients is given below:

C0 = -

Kx - 0.5t
K - Kx + 0.5t

C0= - ((1*0.30) - (0.5*1)) / ((1-(1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) = 0.167

Kx + 0.5t
C1 =
K - Kx + 0.5t
C1= ((1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) / ((1-(1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) = 0.667
35

Muskingum Example Problem


C2 =

K - Kx - 0.5t
K - Kx + 0.5t

C2= (1- (1*0.30) - (0.5*1)) / ((1-(1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) = 0.167

Therefore the coefficients in this problem are:


C0 = 0.167
C1 = 0.667
C2 = 0.167

36

Muskingum Example Problem


The three columns now can be calculated.
C0I2 = 0.167 * 5 = 0.835
C1I1 = 0.667 * 3 = 2.00
C2O1 = 0.167 * 3 = 0.501
Time

C0I2

Inflow
0
1
2
3
4
5

3
5
10
8
6
5

C1I1
0.835

C2O1
2.00

0.501

Outflow
3

37

Muskingum Example Problem


Next the three columns are added to determine the outflow at time
equal 1 hour.
0.835 + 2.00 + 0.501 = 3.34
Time

C0I2

Inflow
0
1
2
3
4
5

3
5
10
8
6
5

C1I1
0.835

C2O1
2.00

0.501

Outflow
3
3.34

38

Muskingum Example Problem


This can be repeated until the table is complete and the outflow at
each time step is known.

Time

C0I2

Inflow
0
1
2
3
4
5

3
5
10
8
6
5

C1I1
0.835
1.67
1.34
1.00
0.835

C2O1
2.00
3.34
6.67
5.34
4.00
3.34

0.501
0.557
0.93
1.49
1.31
1.03

Outflow
3
3.34
5.57
8.94
7.83
6.14
39

Muskingum-Cunge
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

Muskingum-Cunge formulation is similar to the


Muskingum type formulation
The Muskingum-Cunge derivation begins with the
continuity equation and includes the diffusion form
of the momentum equation.

These equations are combined and linearized,

40

Muskingum-Cunge
working equation
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

Q Q
2Q

2 cqLat
t x
x
where :
Q =
t =
x =
qx =
c =
m =

discharge
time
distance along channel
lateral inflow
wave celerity
hydraulic diffusivity

41

Muskingum-Cunge, cont...
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

Method attempts to account for diffusion by taking


into account channel and flow characteristics.
Hydraulic diffusivity is found to be :

Q
2 BS O

The Wave celerity in the x-direction is :

dQ
dA

42

Solution of Muskingum-Cunge
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
t
+ 2x
k
C1 =
t
+ 2(1 - x)
k

C2 =

t
- 2x
k

t
+ 2(1- x)
k

Solution of the Muskingum is accomplished by


discretizing the equations on an x-t plane.
Q

n+1
j +1

= C 1 Q nj + C 2 Q nj+1 + C 3 Q nj+1 + C 4 Q L

2(1 - x) C3 =

C4 =

t
k

t
+ 2(1 - x)
k

t
2
k

t
+ 2(1 - x)
k

t
X
43

Calculation of K & X
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

x
k=
c

1
Q

X 1
2 BSO cx

Estimation of K & X is more physically based


and should be able to reflect the changing
conditions - better.

44

Muskingum-Cunge - NOTES
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

Muskingum-Cunge formulation is actually considered an


approximate solution of the convective diffusion equation.
As such it may account for wave attenuation, but not for
reverse flow and backwater effects and not for fast rising
hydrographs.
Properly applied, the method is non-linear in that the flow
properties and routing coefficients are re-calculated at each
time and distance step
Often, an iterative 4-point scheme is used for the solution.
Care should be taken when choosing the computation
interval, as the computation interval may be longer than
the time it takes for the wave to travel the reach distance.
Internal computational times are used to account for the
possibility of this occurring.
45

Muskingum-Cunge - NOTES
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

Muskingum-Cunge may also be used distributed modeling


Currently Lag and K and DWOPER are available to
perform this operation.
Muskingum-Cunge offers a compromise between the
simplicity of Lag and K and complexity of DWOPER.
Muskingum-Cunge is physically-based but not as data
intensive as DWOPER.
The data inputs needed are:
Control parameters
Hydrologic: Inflow hydrographs
Physical system: channel geometry (cross-sections and
channel profile)

Data outputs: Method will sum and route discharge


hydrographs to overall basin outlet.
46

Muskingum-Cunge Example
The hydrograph at the upstream end of a
river is given in the following table. The
reach of interest is 18 km long. Using a
subreach length x of 6 km, determine the
hydrograph at the end of the reach using the
Muskingum-Cunge method. Assume c =
2m/s, B = 25.3 m, So = 0.001m and no lateral
flow.

3
Time (hr) Flow (m /s)
0
10
1
12
2
18
3
28.5
4
50
5
78
6
107
7
134.5
8
147
9
150
10
146
11
129
12
105
13
78
14
59
15
45
16
33
17
24
18
17
19
12
20
10

47

Muskingum-Cunge Example
First, K must be determined.
K is equal to :

x
K
c
x = 6 km, while c = 2 m/s

6km1000m / km
K
3000seconds
2m / s
48

Muskingum-Cunge Example
The next step is to determine x.

1
Q

x 1
2 BSO cx
All the variables are known, with B =
25.3 m, So = 0.001 and x =6000 m,
and the peak Q taken from the table.

1
150m3 / s
0.253
x 1
3
2 (25.3)(0.001)(2)(6000)m / s

3
Time (hr) Flow (m /s)
0
10
1
12
2
18
3
28.5
4
50
5
78
6
107
7
134.5
8
147

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

150
146
129
105
78
59
45
33
24
17
12
10

49

Muskingum-Cunge Example
A curve for x/ct is then needed to determine t.

For x = 0.253, x/(ct) < 0.82


50

Muskingum-Cunge Example
Therefore, t can be found.

x /(ct ) 0.82
t x /(c)(0.82)
6km1000m / km
t
2m / s 0.82
t 3658 seconds
Use t 7200 seconds
51

Muskingum-Cunge Example
The coefficients of the Muskingum-Cunge method can now
be determined.

C1

t
2x
K

t
2(1 x)
K

7200
2(0.253)
C1 3000
0.7466
7200
2(1 0.253)
3000
52

Muskingum-Cunge Example
The coefficients of the Muskingum-Cunge method can now
be determined.

C2

t
2x
K

t
2(1 x)
K

7200
2(0.253)
C2 3000
0.4863
7200
2(1 0.253)
3000
53

Muskingum-Cunge Example
The coefficients of the Muskingum-Cunge method can now
be determined.

C3

2(1 x)

t
K

t
2(1 x)
K

7200
2(1 0.253)
3000 0.232
C3
7200
2(1 0.253)
3000
54

Muskingum-Cunge Example
The coefficients of the Muskingum-Cunge method can now
be determined.

C4

t
2
K

t
2(1 x)
K

7200
2

3000

C4
1.233
7200
2(1 0.253)
3000
55

Muskingum-Cunge Example
Then a simplification of the original formula can be made.

n1
j 1

C1Q C2Q
n
j

n1
j

C3Q

n
j 1

C4QL

Since there is not lateral flow, QL = 0. The simplified


formula is the following:

n1
j 1

C1Q C2Q
n
j

n1
j

C3Q

n
j 1
56

Muskingum-Cunge Example
A table can then be created in 2 hour time steps similar to the
one below:
Time (hr)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16

0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33

18
20
22
24
26
28

17
10
10
10
10
10

6 km

12 km

18 km

57

Muskingum-Cunge Example
It is assumed at time zero, the flow is 10 m3/s at each distance.
Time (hr)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28

0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
17
10
10
10
10
10

6 km
10

12 km
10

18 km
10

58

Muskingum-Cunge Example
Next, zero is substituted into for each letter to solve the equation.

Qnj11 C1Qnj C2Qnj1 C3Qnj1


Q11 C1Q00 C2Q01 C3Q10

59

Muskingum-Cunge Example
Using the table, the variables can be determined.

Q11 C1Q00 C2Q01 C3Q10


Time (hr)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28

0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
17
10
10
10
10
10

6 km
10

12 km
10

18 km
10

Q00 10
Q01 18
Q10 10

60

Muskingum-Cunge Example
Therefore, the equation can be solved.
Time (hr)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28

0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
17
10
10
10
10
10

6 km
10
13.89

12 km
10

18 km
10

Q11 C1Q00 C2Q01 C3Q10


Q11 (0.7466)(10) (0.4863)(18) (0.2329)(10)
Q11 13.89 m3 / s

61

Muskingum-Cunge Example
Therefore, the equation can be solved.
Time (hr)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28

0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
17
10
10
10
10
10

6 km
10
13.89
34.51

12 km
10

18 km
10

Q12 C1Q01 C2Q02 C3Q11


Q11 (0.7466)(18) (0.4863)(50) (0.2329)(13.89)
Q11 34.51 m3 / s

62

Muskingum-Cunge Example
This is repeated for the rest of the columns and the subsequent
columns to produce the following table. Note that when you
change rows, n changes. When you change columns, j
changes.
Time (hr)
0 km
6 km
12 km
18 km
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28

10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
17
10
10
10
10
10

10
13.89
34.51
81.32
132.44
149.91
125.16
77.93
41.94
23.14
12.17
9.49
10.12
9.97
10.01

10
11.89
24.38
59.63
111.23
145.88
138.82
99.01
55.52
29.63
16.29
9.91
9.70
10.15
9.95

10
10.92
18.19
42.96
88.60
133.35
145.37
117.94
73.45
38.75
21.02
12.09
9.30
10.01
10.08

63

Full Dynamic Wave Equations


Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

The solution of the St. Venant equations is known as


dynamic routing.
Dynamic routing is generally the standard to which
other methods are measured or compared.
The solution of the St. Venant equations is generally
accomplished via one of two methods : 1) the method
of characteristics and 2) direct methods (implicit and
explicit).
It may be fair to say that regardless of the method of
solution, a computer is absolutely necessary as the
solutions are quite time consuming.
J. J. Stoker (1953, 1957) is generally credited for
initially attempting to solve the St. Venant equations
using a high speed computer.
64

Dynamic Wave Solutions


Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

Characteristics, Explicit, & Implicit


The most popular method of applying the implicit
technique is to use a four point weighted finite
difference scheme.
Some computer programs utilize a finite element
solution technique; however, these tend to be more
complex in nature and thus a finite difference technique
is most often employed.
It should be noted that most of the models using the
finite difference technique are one-dimensional and that
two and three-dimensional solution schemes often revert
to a finite element solution.

65

Dynamic Wave Solutions


Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

Dynamic routing allows for a higher degree of accuracy


when modeling flood situations because it includes
parameters that other methods neglect.
Dynamic routing, when compared to other modeling
techniques, relies less on previous flood data and more
on the physical properties of the storm. This is
extremely important when record rainfalls occur or
other extreme events.
Dynamic routing also provides more hydraulic
information about the event, which can be used to
determine the transportation of sediment along the
waterway.

66

Courant Condition?
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

If the wave or hydrograph can travel through the


subreach (of length x) in a time less than the
computational interval, t, then computational
instabilities may evolve.
The condition to satisfy here is known as the Courant
condition and is expressed as :

dx
dt
c

67

Some DISadvantages
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes

Geometric simplification - some models are designed to use


very simplistic representations of the cross-sectional
geometry. This may be valid for large dam breaks where very
large flows are encountered and width to depth ratios are
large; however, this may not be applicable to smaller dam
breaks where channel geometry would be more critical.
Model simulation input requirements - dynamic routing
techniques generally require boundary conditions at one or
more locations in the domain, such as the upstream and
downstream sections. These boundary conditions may in the
form of known or constant water surfaces, hydrographs, or
assumed stage-discharge relationships.
Stability - As previously noted, the very complex nature of
these methods often leads to numeric instability. Also,
convergence may be a problem in some solution schemes.
For these reasons as well as others, there tends to be a stability
problem in some programs. Often times it is very difficult
68to
obtain a "clean" model run in a cost efficient manner.

You might also like