Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Continuity equation
Hydrologic Routing
Hydraulic Routing
Momentum Equation
Continuity Equation
Continuity equation
Hydrologic Routing
Hydraulic Routing
Momentum Equation
dS
=I -O
dt
For open channel flow, the continuity equation
is also often written as :
A Q
+
=q
t x
Hydrologic Routing
Continuity equation
Hydrologic Routing
Hydraulic Routing
Momentum Equation
Hydraulic Routing
Momentum Equation
1.49
Q
ARh S f
n
2
Hydraulic Routing
Continuity equation
Hydrologic Routing
Hydraulic Routing
Momentum Equation
Momentum Equation
Continuity equation
Hydrologic Routing
Hydraulic Routing
Momentum Equation
v
v g ( y A) vg
+V
+
+ = g( S o - S f )
t
x A 2x
A
y v v 1 v
S f = So - x g x g t
Combinations of Equations
Continuity equation
Simplified Versions :
Hydrologic Routing
Hydraulic Routing
Momentum Equation
S f = So -
y v v 1 v
x g x g t
Unsteady -Nonuniform
S f = So -
y v v
x g x
Steady - Nonuniform
S f = So -
y
x
Diffusion or noninertial
Sf = So
Kinematic
Routing Methods
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modified Puls
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
Modified Puls
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
I 1 + I 2 - ( O1 + O2 = S 2 - S 1
2
2
t
2 S1
2 S2
- O1 =
+ O2
I1+ I2 +
t
t
Continuity Equation
Rewritten
10
Modified Puls
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
11
Discharge (cfs)
10
Time (hr)
12
13
In
(cfs)
In+In+1
(cfs)
On+1
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0
In+In+1
(cfs)
On+1
(cfs)
Time
(hr)
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Time (hr)
15
10
In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0
On+1
(cfs)
16
In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0
On+1
(cfs)
17
In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0
On+1
(cfs)
0
30 + 0 = 2Sn/t + On+1
18
In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0
On+1
(cfs)
0
5
19
In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0
On+1
(cfs)
0
5
20
In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0
On+1
(cfs)
0
5
18
21
In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0
On+1
(cfs)
0
5
18
32
43
52
58
63
65
65
64
62
58
22
Kinematic Wave
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
23
A Q
+
= qL
t x
Q = Am
An explicit finite difference scheme in a spacetime grid domain is often used for the solution
of the kinematic wave procedure.
t
X
24
Working Equation
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
(m-1)
t
2
x
2
t
X
25
Q(i, j) - Q(i-1, j)
x
26
Muskingum Method
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
Sp = K O
Prism Storage
Sw = K(I - O)X
Wedge Storage
S = K[XI + (1-X)O]
Combined
28
Muskingum, cont...
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
dS
=I -O
dt
S = K[XI + (1-X)O]
O2 = C0 I2 + C1 I1 + C2 O1
C0 = -
Kx - 0.5t
K - Kx + 0.5t
C1 =
Kx + 0.5t
K - Kx + 0.5t
C2 =
K - Kx - 0.5t
K - Kx + 0.5t
29
Muskingum Notes :
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
Estimating K
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
31
Estimating X
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
Time
C0I2
Inflow
0
1
2
3
4
5
3
5
10
8
6
5
C1I1
C2O1
Outflow
3
34
C0 = -
Kx - 0.5t
K - Kx + 0.5t
Kx + 0.5t
C1 =
K - Kx + 0.5t
C1= ((1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) / ((1-(1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) = 0.667
35
K - Kx - 0.5t
K - Kx + 0.5t
36
C0I2
Inflow
0
1
2
3
4
5
3
5
10
8
6
5
C1I1
0.835
C2O1
2.00
0.501
Outflow
3
37
C0I2
Inflow
0
1
2
3
4
5
3
5
10
8
6
5
C1I1
0.835
C2O1
2.00
0.501
Outflow
3
3.34
38
Time
C0I2
Inflow
0
1
2
3
4
5
3
5
10
8
6
5
C1I1
0.835
1.67
1.34
1.00
0.835
C2O1
2.00
3.34
6.67
5.34
4.00
3.34
0.501
0.557
0.93
1.49
1.31
1.03
Outflow
3
3.34
5.57
8.94
7.83
6.14
39
Muskingum-Cunge
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
40
Muskingum-Cunge
working equation
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
Q Q
2Q
2 cqLat
t x
x
where :
Q =
t =
x =
qx =
c =
m =
discharge
time
distance along channel
lateral inflow
wave celerity
hydraulic diffusivity
41
Muskingum-Cunge, cont...
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
Q
2 BS O
dQ
dA
42
Solution of Muskingum-Cunge
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
t
+ 2x
k
C1 =
t
+ 2(1 - x)
k
C2 =
t
- 2x
k
t
+ 2(1- x)
k
n+1
j +1
= C 1 Q nj + C 2 Q nj+1 + C 3 Q nj+1 + C 4 Q L
2(1 - x) C3 =
C4 =
t
k
t
+ 2(1 - x)
k
t
2
k
t
+ 2(1 - x)
k
t
X
43
Calculation of K & X
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
x
k=
c
1
Q
X 1
2 BSO cx
44
Muskingum-Cunge - NOTES
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
Muskingum-Cunge - NOTES
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
Muskingum-Cunge Example
The hydrograph at the upstream end of a
river is given in the following table. The
reach of interest is 18 km long. Using a
subreach length x of 6 km, determine the
hydrograph at the end of the reach using the
Muskingum-Cunge method. Assume c =
2m/s, B = 25.3 m, So = 0.001m and no lateral
flow.
3
Time (hr) Flow (m /s)
0
10
1
12
2
18
3
28.5
4
50
5
78
6
107
7
134.5
8
147
9
150
10
146
11
129
12
105
13
78
14
59
15
45
16
33
17
24
18
17
19
12
20
10
47
Muskingum-Cunge Example
First, K must be determined.
K is equal to :
x
K
c
x = 6 km, while c = 2 m/s
6km1000m / km
K
3000seconds
2m / s
48
Muskingum-Cunge Example
The next step is to determine x.
1
Q
x 1
2 BSO cx
All the variables are known, with B =
25.3 m, So = 0.001 and x =6000 m,
and the peak Q taken from the table.
1
150m3 / s
0.253
x 1
3
2 (25.3)(0.001)(2)(6000)m / s
3
Time (hr) Flow (m /s)
0
10
1
12
2
18
3
28.5
4
50
5
78
6
107
7
134.5
8
147
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
150
146
129
105
78
59
45
33
24
17
12
10
49
Muskingum-Cunge Example
A curve for x/ct is then needed to determine t.
Muskingum-Cunge Example
Therefore, t can be found.
x /(ct ) 0.82
t x /(c)(0.82)
6km1000m / km
t
2m / s 0.82
t 3658 seconds
Use t 7200 seconds
51
Muskingum-Cunge Example
The coefficients of the Muskingum-Cunge method can now
be determined.
C1
t
2x
K
t
2(1 x)
K
7200
2(0.253)
C1 3000
0.7466
7200
2(1 0.253)
3000
52
Muskingum-Cunge Example
The coefficients of the Muskingum-Cunge method can now
be determined.
C2
t
2x
K
t
2(1 x)
K
7200
2(0.253)
C2 3000
0.4863
7200
2(1 0.253)
3000
53
Muskingum-Cunge Example
The coefficients of the Muskingum-Cunge method can now
be determined.
C3
2(1 x)
t
K
t
2(1 x)
K
7200
2(1 0.253)
3000 0.232
C3
7200
2(1 0.253)
3000
54
Muskingum-Cunge Example
The coefficients of the Muskingum-Cunge method can now
be determined.
C4
t
2
K
t
2(1 x)
K
7200
2
3000
C4
1.233
7200
2(1 0.253)
3000
55
Muskingum-Cunge Example
Then a simplification of the original formula can be made.
n1
j 1
C1Q C2Q
n
j
n1
j
C3Q
n
j 1
C4QL
n1
j 1
C1Q C2Q
n
j
n1
j
C3Q
n
j 1
56
Muskingum-Cunge Example
A table can then be created in 2 hour time steps similar to the
one below:
Time (hr)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
18
20
22
24
26
28
17
10
10
10
10
10
6 km
12 km
18 km
57
Muskingum-Cunge Example
It is assumed at time zero, the flow is 10 m3/s at each distance.
Time (hr)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
17
10
10
10
10
10
6 km
10
12 km
10
18 km
10
58
Muskingum-Cunge Example
Next, zero is substituted into for each letter to solve the equation.
59
Muskingum-Cunge Example
Using the table, the variables can be determined.
0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
17
10
10
10
10
10
6 km
10
12 km
10
18 km
10
Q00 10
Q01 18
Q10 10
60
Muskingum-Cunge Example
Therefore, the equation can be solved.
Time (hr)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
17
10
10
10
10
10
6 km
10
13.89
12 km
10
18 km
10
61
Muskingum-Cunge Example
Therefore, the equation can be solved.
Time (hr)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
17
10
10
10
10
10
6 km
10
13.89
34.51
12 km
10
18 km
10
62
Muskingum-Cunge Example
This is repeated for the rest of the columns and the subsequent
columns to produce the following table. Note that when you
change rows, n changes. When you change columns, j
changes.
Time (hr)
0 km
6 km
12 km
18 km
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
17
10
10
10
10
10
10
13.89
34.51
81.32
132.44
149.91
125.16
77.93
41.94
23.14
12.17
9.49
10.12
9.97
10.01
10
11.89
24.38
59.63
111.23
145.88
138.82
99.01
55.52
29.63
16.29
9.91
9.70
10.15
9.95
10
10.92
18.19
42.96
88.60
133.35
145.37
117.94
73.45
38.75
21.02
12.09
9.30
10.01
10.08
63
65
66
Courant Condition?
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
dx
dt
c
67
Some DISadvantages
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes