Telaah Kasus

1. Trail Smelter Arbitration

2. Cassis de Dijon Case
3. Lopez Ostra Case

Trail Smelter Arbitration

Case Position:
Trail adalah kota di distrik British
Columbia.
Pusat peleburan timah dan besi
pada zaman kekuasaan Inggris.
Cerobong setinggi 120 m
dibangun dan mengeluarkan gas
SO2 ke arah lembah Sungai
Columbia.
Jarak 10 km dari US border
(wilayah Washington)
Hampir 15 tahun proses
penyelesaian (1927 1941)

Proses Arbitrase
Peningkatan jumlah emisi pada kurun 1924 1927
menimbulkan polusi berlebihan di daerah Washington;
1928 International Joint Commission, badan adm.
dbentuk bdasar Boundary Water Treaty 1907;
Tdk pnya yurisdiksi thdp mslh2 pencemaran udara, hnya
yurisdiksi trhdp sengketa yg tkait dgn perairan pbatasan
antar dua negara;
1931 fact finding: kerugian hingga US $ 350.000
Canada setuju n bayar;
1933 terulang lagi, US tuntut US $ 2 juta;
Dibentuk Arbitrase khusus
Putusan:
1. Canada paid US $ 78.000
2. Mewajibkan Canada untuk mencegah kerugian yang
mungkin timbul pada masa-masa selanjutnya (to prevent
the future damage) serta menurunkan emisi pada tingkat
yang tidak melampaui ambang batas (acceptable level)

Arti penting bagi Hukum Lingkungan

How international law should respond to
transboundary air pollution;
State responsibility "A State owes at all times
a duty to protect other States against injurious
acts by individuals from within its jurisdiction"
(Prof Eagleton 1928)
Principle abuse of rights no State has the
right to use or permit the use of its territory in
such a manner as to cause injury by fumes in or
to the territory of another or the properties of
persons therein ;
Having established the "polluter pays" principle
as the basis for resolving transboundary
environmental disputes;
Corporate accountability in the international
human rights context;

Cassis de Dijon Case

Case Position:
Larangan import, penjualan & pemasaran liquours
yg tdk memenuhi standard minimum kandungan
alkohol di Jerman;
Larangan untuk Cassis yg beralkohol 15 20 %;
Standar Jerman 25 %;
Rowe-Zentral menuntut illegal non-tariff barrier;
Jerman based on health grounds: avoid the
proliferation of alcoholic beverages within the
German market; protect consumers from unfair
producer and distributor practices;
Kasus kedua setelah Dassonville Case (1974)
French Anisette.

Proses Perkara
Putusan Germany Court penggugat kalah karena
alasan dari pemerintah tepat;
Februari 1979 ECJ membatalkan putusan GC,
stating because Cassis met French standard, it
could not be kept out from German market;
Exception to Article 28 EC Treaty permission of
non-tariff barrier for protection of public health, the
fairness of commercial transactions and the defence
of the consumer;
Can be justified if: applied in a non-discriminatory
way, the goal is a mandatory requirement (such as
public health), if the impact is proportionate to the
interest that needs to be protected by it.

Arti penting bagi Hukum Lingkungan

The principle of mutual recognition of
national standard;
Perluasan dari alasan non-tariff barrier
environment issues can be classified as
mandatory requirement (Danish Bottle
Case 1988);
Environmental protection is an interest
that can justify a national environmental
policy with trade restricting effects;
Relevansi dengan kasus2 serupa:
Dolphin/Tuna case, Shrimp Turtle Case.

Lopez Ostra Case

Case Position:
A plant for the treatment of waste 12 m away from the
applicant's home (SACURSA)
Began to operate in July 1988 without permission.
It released gas fumes, pestilential smells and contamination,
causing health problems and nuisance.
Spanish authorities and courts failed to protect the applicant's
rights.
Violation of Article 8 of the ECHR
Article 8

Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life,
his home and his correspondence.
There shall be no interference by a public authority with the
exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law
and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of
national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the
country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection
of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and
freedoms of others.

Proses Perkara
Domisili di kota Lorca (byk industri kulit);
1988 sempat diungsikan karena malfunction;
1988 1989: Murcia Audiencia Territoriale not
harm/cause serious health risk;
1989: Banding (Supreme Court) konsisten dgn
putusan sebelumnya n applicant free to move.
1989 1990: Constitutional Court the claim is
ill-founded;
1993: maju ke ECHR based on Article 25 for breach
of Article 8
ECJ rule: batalkan semua putusan pengadilan
negara, 4 juta pesetas utk damages & 1,5 juta
pesetas utk biaya2;

Arti penting bagi Hukum Lingkungan

Environmental protection as state
principle;
Right to Sound Environment;
A fusion between social right and human
right.