Chapter 6

CHAPTER 6
Some Types of
Chemical Reactions
Chapter Six Goals

1. Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction
2. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Naming Some Inorganic Compounds
5. Naming Binary Compounds
6. Naming Ternary Acids and Their Salts
Classifying Chemical Reactions
7. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: An Introduction
8. Combination Reactions
9. Decomposition Reactions
10. Displacement Reactions
11. Metathesis Reactions
12. Summary of Reaction Types
13. Synthesis Question
Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

1. Electrolytes and Extent of Ionization
Aqueous solutions consist of a solute
dissolved in water.
Classification of solutes:
Nonelectrolytes solutes that do not conduct
electricity in water
Examples:
C2H5OH - ethanol
4

C6H12O6 - glucose (blood sugar)
H
H
OH
H
OH
C
H
HO
C
HO
OH
5

C12H22O11 - sucrose (table sugar)
H2
C
HO
H
HO
HO
H
C
OH
C
H
C
OH
H2C
C H
H
C
HO
O
HO
C
H
C
CH2
OH
6

The reason
nonelectrolytes do not
conduct electricity is
because they do not
form ions in solution.
ions conduct electricity
in solution
Classification of solutes
strong electrolytes - conduct electricity extremely
well in dilute aqueous solutions
Examples of strong electrolytes

1. HCl, HNO3, etc.
strong soluble acids
2. NaOH, KOH, etc.
strong soluble bases
3. NaCl, KBr, etc.
soluble ionic salts

ionize in water essentially 100%
8
Classification of solutes
weak electrolytes - conduct electricity poorly
in dilute aqueous solutions
1. CH3COOH, (COOH)2
weak acids
2. NH3, Fe(OH)3
weak bases
3. some soluble covalent salts
ionize in water much less than 100%

10
11

2. Strong and Weak Acids
Acids are substances that generate H+ in
aqueous solutions.
Strong acids ionize 100% in water.
100%
HCl g H
aq
Claq
-
12

2. Strong and Weak Acids
Acids are substances that generate H+ in
aqueous solutions.
Strong acids ionize 100% in water.
100%
HNO 3 H 2 O H 3O
aq
+ NO
3 aq
or
HNO 3
H
H 2O
aq
+ NO
3 aq
13
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Some Strong Acids and Their Anions

Formula
Name
HCl
hydrochloric acid
HBr
hydrobromic acid
HI
hydroiodic acid
HNO3
nitric acid
H2SO4
sulfuric acid
HClO3
chloric acid
HClO4
perchloric acid
14
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Some Strong Acids and Their Anions

Acid
AnionName
HCl
Clchloride ion
HBr
Brbromide ion
HI
Iiodide ion
HNO3
NO3nitrate ion
H2SO4
SO42sulfate ion
HClO3
ClO3chlorate ion
HClO4
ClO4perchlorate ion
15

Weak acids ionize significantly less than
100% in water.
Typically ionize 10% or less!
16
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Some Common Weak Acids and Their Anions

Formula
Name
HF
hydrofluoric acid
CH3COOH acetic acid (vinegar)
HCN
hydrocyanic acid
HNO2
nitrous acid
H2CO3
carbonic acid (soda water)
H2SO3
sulfurous acid
H3PO4
phosphoric acid
(COOH)2
oxalic acid
17
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Some Common Weak Acids and Their Anions

Acid
Anion
Name
HF
Ffluoride ion
CH3COOH CH3COOacetate ion
HCN
CNcyanide ion
HNO2
NO2nitrite ion
H2CO3
CO32carbonate ion
H2SO3
SO32sulfite ion
H3PO4
PO43phosphate ion
(COOH)2
(COO)22oxalate ion
18

3. Reversible Reactions
CH3COOH acetic acid
19

All weak inorganic acids ionize reversibly
or in equilibrium reactions.
This is why they ionize less than 100%.
CH3COOH structure of acetic acid

O
C
H3 C
OH
20

Correct chemical symbolism for equilibrium
reactions
7%
CH 3COOH
CH 3COOaq + H aq
21

4. Strong Bases, Insoluble Bases, and
Weak Bases
Characteristic of common inorganic
bases is that they produce OH- ions in
solution.
22
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Common Strong Bases

Formula
Name
LiOH
lithium hydroxide
NaOH
sodium hydroxide
KOH
potassium hydroxide
RbOH
rubidium hydroxide
CsOH
cesium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2
calcium hydroxide
Sr(OH)2
strontium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2
barium hydroxide
Notice that they are all hydroxides of IA and IIA metals
23

Similarly to strong acids, strong bases
ionize 100% in water.
KOH K (aq) + OH (aq)

+
Ba(OH) 2 Ba (aq) + 2 OH (aq)

2+
24
Insoluble or sparingly soluble bases
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ionic compounds that are insoluble in water,

consequently, not very basic.
Formula
Cu(OH)2
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
Zn(OH)2
Mg(OH)2
Name
copper (II) hydroxide
iron (II) hydroxide
iron (III) hydroxide
zinc (II) hydroxide
magnesium hydroxide
25

Weak bases are covalent compounds that ionize
slightly in water.
Ammonia is most common weak base
NH3
26

Weak bases are covalent compounds that
ionize slightly in water.
Ammonia is most common weak base
NH3
NH 3g + H 2 O
NH 4 aq + OH (aq)
27

5. Solubility Guidelines for Compounds in
Aqueous Solutions
It is very important that you know these guidelines

and how to apply them in reactions.
1) Common inorganic acids and low-molecularweight organic acids are water soluble.
2) All common compounds of the Group IA metal
ions and the ammonium ion are water soluble.
Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, and NH4+

28

3) Common nitrates, acetates, chlorates, and
perchlorates are water soluble.
NO3-, CH3COO-, ClO3-, and ClO4-
4) Common chlorides are water soluble.

Exceptions AgCl, Hg2Cl2, & PbCl2
Common bromides and iodides behave similarly to
chlorides.
Common fluorides are water soluble.
Exceptions MgF2, CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, and

PbF2
29

5) Common sulfates are water soluble.
Exceptions PbSO4, BaSO4, & HgSO4
Moderately soluble CaSO4, SrSO4, &
Ag2SO4
6) Common metal hydroxides are water

insoluble.
Exceptions LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH &
CsOH
30

7) Common carbonates, phosphates, and
arsenates are water insoluble.
CO32-, PO43-, & AsO43 Exceptions- IA metals and NH4+
BaCO3 is moderately soluble
Moderately soluble MgCO3
8) Common sulfides are water insoluble.

Exceptions IA metals and NH4+ plus
IIA metals
31
Reactions in
Aqueous Solutions
Copper sulfate reacts with silver nitrate.
What we see -
What we write -
Cu s 2 AgNO 3aq Cu(NO 3 ) 2(aq) 2 Ags

32
Reactions in
Aqueous Solutions
Sodium chloride reacts with silver nitrate.
What we see -
What we write -
AgNO 3aq NaCl aq AgCl s NaNO 3aq

33
Reactions in
Aqueous Solutions
There are three ways to write reactions in

aqueous solutions.
1. Molecular equation
Show all reactants & products in molecular or ionic
form
Zn (s) + CuSO 4 (aq) ZnSO 4 (aq) + Cu (s)

2. Total ionic equation
Show the ions and molecules as they exist in solution
Zn (s) + Cu
2
aq
+ SO
24 aq
Zn
2
aq
+ SO
24 aq
+ Cu (s)
34
Reactions in
Aqueous Solutions
3. Net ionic equation
Shows ions that participate in reaction and
removes spectator ions.
Spectator ions do not participate in the

reaction.
35
Reactions in
Aqueous Solutions
Look in total ionic equation for species that do
not change from reactant to product.
Spectator ions in < >s.
Zn (s) + Cu
2
aq
+ SO
24 aq
Zn
2
aq
+ SO
24 aq
+ Cu (s)
Net ionic equation
Zn (s) + Cu
2
aq
Zn
2
aq
+ Cu (s)
36
Reactions in
Aqueous Solutions
In the total and net ionic equations the

only common substances that should be
written as ions are:
a. Strong acids
b. Strong bases
c. Soluble ionic salts
37
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Binary compounds are made of two elements.
metal + nonmetal = ionic compound
nonmetal + nonmetal = covalent compound
Name the more metallic element first.

Use the elements name.
Name the less metallic element second.

Add the suffix ide to the elements stem.
38
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Nonmetal Stems
Element
Boron
Carbon
Silicon
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Arsenic
Antimony
Stem
bor
carb
silic
nitr
phosph
arsen
antimon
39
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Oxygen
Sulfur
Selenium
Tellurium
Phosphorus
Hydrogen
ox
sulf
selen
tellur
phosph
hydr
40
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
fluor
chlor
brom
iod
41
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Binary Ionic Compounds are made of a metal
cation and a nonmetal anion.
Cation named first
Anion named second
LiBr
MgCl2
Li2S
Al2O3
lithium bromide
magnesium chloride
lithium sulfide
You do it!
42
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
LiBr
MgCl2
Li2S
Al2O3
Na3P
lithium bromide
magnesium chloride
lithium sulfide
aluminum oxide
You do it!
43
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
LiBr
MgCl2
Li2S
Al2O3
Na3P
Mg3N2
lithium bromide
magnesium chloride
lithium sulfide
aluminum oxide
sodium phosphide
You do it!
44
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
LiBr
MgCl2
Li2S
Al2O3
Na3P
Mg3N2
lithium bromide
magnesium chloride
lithium sulfide
aluminum oxide
sodium phosphide
magnesium nitride
Notice that binary ionic compounds with metals having

one oxidation state (representative metals) do not use
prefixes or Roman numerals.
45
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Binary ionic compounds containing
metals that exhibit more than one
oxidation state
Metals exhibiting multiple oxidation states
are:
1. most of the transition metals
2. metals in groups IIIA (except Al), IVA, & VA
46
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
There are two methods to name these

compounds.
1. Older method
add suffix ic to elements Latin name for higher

oxidation state
add suffix ous to elements Latin name for lower
oxidation state
2. Modern method
use Roman numerals in parentheses to indicate

metals oxidation state
47
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Compound
Old System
Modern System
ferrous bromide
ferric bromide
stannous oxide
stannic oxide
You do it!
iron(II) bromide
iron(III) bromide
tin(II) oxide
tin(IV) oxide
FeBr2
FeBr3
SnO
SnO2
TiCl2
48
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Compound
FeBr2
FeBr3
SnO
SnO2
TiCl2
TiCl3
Old System
ferrous bromide
ferric bromide
stannous oxide
stannic oxide
titanous chloride
You do it!
Modern System
iron(II) bromide
iron(III) bromide
tin(II) oxide
tin(IV) oxide
titanium(II) chloride
49
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Compound
FeBr2
FeBr3
SnO
SnO2
TiCl2
TiCl3
TiCl4
Old System
ferrous bromide
ferric bromide
stannous oxide
stannic oxide
titanous chloride
titanic chloride
You do it!
Modern System
iron(II) bromide
iron(III) bromide
tin(II) oxide
tin(IV) oxide
titanium(III) chloride
50
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Compound
FeBr2
FeBr3
SnO
SnO2
TiCl2
TiCl3
TiCl4
Old System
ferrous bromide
ferric bromide
stannous oxide
stannic oxide
titanous chloride
titanic chloride
does not work
Modern System
iron(II) bromide
iron(III) bromide
tin(II) oxide
tin(IV) oxide
titanium(III) chloride
titanium(IV) chloride
51
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Pseudobinary ionic compounds

There are three polyatomic ions that commonly
form binary ionic compounds.
1. OH- hydroxide
2. CN- cyanide
3. NH4+ ammonium
Use binary ionic compound naming system.

KOH
potassium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2
barium hydroxide
Al(OH)3
aluminum hydroxide
Fe(OH)2
You do it!
52
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
KOH
Ba(OH)2
Al(OH)3
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
potassium hydroxide
barium hydroxide
aluminum hydroxide
iron (II) hydroxide
You do it!
53
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
KOH
Ba(OH)2
Al(OH)3
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
Ba(CN)2
potassium hydroxide
barium hydroxide
aluminum hydroxide
iron (II) hydroxide
You do it!
54
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
KOH
potassium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2
barium hydroxide
Al(OH)3
aluminum hydroxide
Fe(OH)2
iron (II) hydroxide
Fe(OH)3
Ba(CN)2
barium cyanide
(NH4)2S You do it!
55
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
KOH
Ba(OH)2
Al(OH)3
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
Ba(CN)2
(NH4)2S
NH4CN
potassium hydroxide
barium hydroxide
aluminum hydroxide
iron (II) hydroxide
barium cyanide
ammonium sulfide
You do it!
56
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
KOH
Ba(OH)2
Al(OH)3
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
Ba(CN)2
(NH4)2S
NH4CN
potassium hydroxide
barium hydroxide
aluminum hydroxide
iron (II) hydroxide
barium cyanide
ammonium sulfide
ammonium cyanide
57
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Binary Acids are binary compounds consisting
of hydrogen and a nonmetal.
Compounds are usually gases at room
temperature and pressure.
Nomenclature for the gaseous compounds is
hydrogen (stem)ide.
When the compounds are dissolved in water

they form acidic solutions.
Nomenclature for the acidic solutions is
hydro (stem)ic acid.
58
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Formula
Name
hydrogen fluoride hydrofluoric acid

hydrogen chloride hydrochloric acid
hydrogen bromide hydrobromic acid
You do it!
HF
HCl
HBr
H2S
Aqueous Solution
59
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Formula
HF
HCl
HBr
H2S
Name
hydrogen fluoride
hydrogen chloride
hydrogen bromide
hydrogen sulfide
Aqueous solution
hydrofluoric acid
hydrochloric acid
hydrobromic acid
hydrosulfuric acid
60
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Binary covalent molecular compounds
composed of two nonmetals other than
hydrogen
Nomenclature must include prefixes that
specify the number of atoms of each element
in the compound.
Use the minimum number of prefixes

necessary to specify the compound.
Frequently drop the prefix mono-.
61
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Formula
Name
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
sulfur trioxide
oxygen difluoride
You do it!
CO
CO2
SO3
OF2
P4O6
62
Naming Some Inorganic

Compounds
Formula
Name
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
sulfur trioxide
oxygen difluoride
tetraphosphorus hexoxide
You do it!
CO
CO2
SO3
OF2
P4O6
P4O10
63
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Formula
CO
CO2
SO3
OF2
P4O6
P4O10
Name
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
sulfur trioxide
oxygen difluoride
tetraphosphorus hexoxide
tetraphosphorus decoxide
64
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
The oxides of nitrogen illustrate why covalent compounds
need prefixes and ionic compounds do not.
Formula Old Name
Modern Name
N2O
nitrous oxide
dinitrogen monoxide
NO
nitric oxide
nitrogen monoxide
N2O3
nitrogen trioxide
dinitrogen trioxide
NO2
nitrogen dioxide
nitrogen dioxide
N2O4
nitrogen tetroxide
dinitrogen tetroxide
N2O5
nitrogen pentoxide
dinitrogen pentoxide
65
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Ternary Acids and Their Salts are made of
three elements.
The elements are H, O, & a nonmetal.
Two of the compounds are chosen as the basis

for the nomenclature system.
Higher oxidation state for nonmetal is named (stem)ic
acid.
Lower oxidation state for nonmetal is named
(stem)ous acid
Salts are named based on the acids.

Anions of -ic acids make ate salts.
Anions of -ous acids make ite salts.
66
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Names and Formulas of the Common ic acids
Naming these compounds will be easier if you have this list
memorized.
Group
IIIA
IVA
VA
Name
boric acid
carbonic acid
silicic acid
nitric acid
phosphoric acid
arsenic acid
Formula
H3BO3
H2CO3
H4SiO4
HNO3
H3PO4
H3AsO4
67
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
VIA
VIIA
sulfuric acid
selenic acid
telluric acid
chloric acid
bromic acid
iodic acid
H2SO4
H2SeO4
H6TeO6
HClO3
HBrO3
HIO3
68
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Salts are formed by the reaction of the acid with
a strong base.
Acid
Salt
HNO2
NaNO2
nitrous acid
HNO3
nitric acid
H2SO3
sulfurous acid
sodium nitrite
NaNO3
sodium nitrate
Na2SO3
sodium sulfite
69
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Acid
H2SO4
Na Salt
You do it!
70
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Acid
H2SO4
sulfuric acid
HClO2
Na salt
Na2SO4
sodium sulfate
You do it!
71
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Acid
H2SO4
sulfuric acid
HClO2
chlorous acid
HClO3
Na salt
Na2SO4
sodium sulfate
NaClO2
sodium chlorite
You do it!
72
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Acid
H2SO4
sulfuric acid
HClO2
chlorous acid
HClO3
chloric acid
Na salt
Na2SO4
sodium sulfate
NaClO2
sodium chlorite
NaClO3
sodium chlorate
73
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
There are two other possible acid and salt
combinations.
Acids that have a higher oxidation state than the
ic acid are given the prefix per.
These acids and salts will have one more O atom
than the ic acid.
Acids that have a lower oxidation state than the

ous acid are given the prefix hypo.
These acids and salts will have one less O atom than
the ous acid.
74
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Illustrate this series of acids and salts with the Cl
ternary acids and salts.
Acid
Na Salt
HClO
NaClO
hypochlorous acid
HClO2
chlorous acid
HClO3
chloric acid
HClO4
perchloric acid
sodium hypochlorite
NaClO2
sodium chlorite
NaClO3
sodium chlorate
NaClO4
sodium perchlorate
75
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Acidic Salts are made from ternary acids that
retain one or more of their acidic hydrogen
atoms.
Made from acid base reactions where there is an
insufficient amount of base to react with all of the
hydrogen atoms.
Old system used the prefix bi to denote the

hydrogen atom.
Modern system uses prefixes and the word
hydrogen.
76
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
NaHCO3
Old system
Modern system
sodium bicarbonate
sodium hydrogen carbonate
KHSO4
Old system
Modern system
potassium bisulfate
potassium hydrogen sulfate
KH2PO4
Old system
Modern system
K2HPO4
potassium bis biphosphate

potassium dihydrogen phosphate
You do it!
77
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
K2HPO4
Old system
Modern system
potassium biphosphate
potassium hydrogen phosphate
78
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Basic Salts are analogous to acidic salts.
The salts have one or more basic hydroxides
remaining in the compound.
Basic salts are formed by acid-base reactions

with insufficient amounts of the acid to react with
all of the hydroxide ions.
Use prefixes to indicate the number of hydroxide
groups.
79
Naming Some
Inorganic Compounds
Ca(OH)Cl
calcium monohydroxy chloride
Al(OH)Cl2
aluminum monohydroxy chloride
Al(OH)2Cl
You do it!
aluminum dihydroxy chloride
80
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: An
Introduction
Oxidation is an increase in the oxidation
number.
Corresponds to the loss of electrons.
Reduction is a decrease in the oxidation

number.
Good mnemonic reduction reduces the
oxidation number.
Corresponds to the gain of electrons
81
Introduction
Oxidizing agents are chemical species that:

1. oxidize some other substance
2. contain atoms that are reduced in the reaction
3. gain electrons
Reducing agents are chemical species that:

1. reduce some other substance
2. contain atoms that are oxidized in the reaction
3. lose electrons
82
Introduction
KMnO4 and Fe2+
Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+
MnO41- is reduced to
Mn2+
83
Introduction
Combustion of Mg
Mg is oxidized to MgO
O2 is reduced to O2-
Combustion reactions
are redox reactions
84
Introduction
Example 4-2: Write and balance the formula unit,
total ionic, and net ionic equations for the oxidation
of sulfurous acid to sulfuric acid by oxygen in acidic
aqueous solution.
Formula unit equation
2 H 2SO 3aq O 2 g 2 H 2SO 4 aq

Total ionic equation
You do it!
2 H 2SO 3aq O 2 g 4 H
(aq)
2 SO
2 85
4(aq)
Introduction
Net ionic equation
You do it!
2
3 aq
2 g
(aq)
Which species are oxidized and reduced?
Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents.
You do it!
2 H SO
4H
2 SO
2
4(aq)
86
Introduction
H2SO3 is oxidized.
The oxidation state of S in H2SO3 is +4.
In SO42-, S has an oxidation state of +6.
O2 is reduced.
Oxidation state of O in O2 is 0
In SO42-, O has an oxidation state of 2.
H2SO3 is reducing agent.

O2 is oxidizing agent.
87
Combination Reactions
Combination reactions occur when two or

more substances combine to form a
compound.
There are three basic types of combination
reactions.
1. Two elements react to form a new compound
2. An element and a compound react to form one new
compound
3. Two compounds react to form one compound
88
1. Element + Element Compound
A. Metal + Nonmetal Binary Ionic Compound
2 Na s Cl 2 g 2 NaCls
89
90
2 Mg s O 2 g 2 MgO s
91
92
2 Al s 3 Br2 2 AlBr 3s
93
94
B. Nonmetal + Nonmetal Covalent Binary
Compound
P4 s 5 O 2 g P4 O10s
95
96
Compound
P4 s 6 Cl 2 g 4 PCl3
97
98
Compound
Can control which product is made with the
reaction conditions.
2 As s 3 Cl 2 g 2 AsCl 3s
in limited chlorine
2 As s 5 Cl 2 g 2 AsCl 5s
in excess chlorine
99
Compound
Can control which product is made with the
reaction conditions.
Se s 2 F2 g SeF4 s
in limited fluorine
Se s 3 F2 g SeF6 g
in excess fluorine
100
2. Compound + Element Compound
AsCl 3s Cl 2 g AsCl 5 s
SF4 s F2 g SF6 g
101
The reaction of oxygen with oxides of
nonmetals is an example of this type of
combination reaction.
2 CO g O 2 g 2 CO 2 g
catalyst &
2 SO 2 g O 2 g 2 SO3g
P4O 6 2 O 2 P4O10
102
3. Compound + Compound Compound
gaseous ammonia and hydrogen chloride
NH 3 g HCl g NH 4 Cls
lithium oxide and sulfur dioxide
Li 2 O SO 3 Li 2SO 4
103
Decomposition Reactions
Decomposition reactions occur when one

compound decomposes to form:
1. Two elements
2. One or more elements and one or more
compounds
3. Two or more compounds
104
1. Compound Element + Element
decomposition of dinitrogen oxide
2 N 2O g 2 N 2 g O 2 g
decomposition of calcium chloride
CaCl2
Ca Cl 2 g
electricity
decomposition of silver halides

h
2 AgBr s 2 Ag s Br2
105
2. Compound One Element +
Compound(s)
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

h or Fe 3 or Mn
2 H 2O 2 aq 2 H 2O O 2 g
106
3. Compound Compound + Compound
decomposition of ammonium hydrogen carbonate
NH 4 HCO 3s NH 3g H 2O g CO2 g
107
Displacement Reactions
Displacement reactions occur when one
element displaces another element from a
compound.
These are redox reactions in which the more
active metal displaces the less active metal of
hydrogen from a compound in aqueous
solution.
Activity series is given in Table 4-14.
108
[More Active Metal + Salt of Less Active Metal] [Less
Active Metal + Salt of More Active Metal]
1.
molecular equation
AgNO 3 aq + Cu (s) CuNO 3 aq Ag (s)
109
110
You do it!
Ag
aq
+ NO
3 aq
+ Cu s Cu
aq
+ NO
3 aq
Ag (s)
Net ionic equation

You do it!
Ag
aq
+ Cu (s) Cu
aq
Ag (s)
111
[Active Metal + Nonoxidizing Acid] [Hydrogen +
Salt of Acid]
2.
Common method for preparing hydrogen in the laboratory.

HNO3 is an oxidizing acid.
Molecular equation
2 Al (s) + 3H 2SO 4 aq Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3aq + 3 H 2 g
112
113
You do it!
2 Al (s) + 6 H
aq
+ 3 SO
24 aq
2 Al
3
aq
+ 3 SO
24 aq
+ 3 H 2 g
Net ionic equation

You do it!
2 Al (s) + 6 H
aq
2 Al
3
aq
+ 3 H 2 g
114
The following metals are active enough to
displace hydrogen
K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, & Pb
Notice how the reaction changes with an

oxidizing acid.
Reaction of Cu with HNO3.
H2 is no longer produced.
115
116
3.
[Active Nonmetal + Salt of Less Active Nonmetal] [Less

Active Nonmetal + Salt of More Active
Nonmetal]
Molecular equation
Cl 2 g + 2 NaI aq I 2 s 2 NaCl(aq)
Total
ionic equation
You do it!
Cl 2 g + 2 Na
aq
+ 2 I aq I 2 s 2 Na
-
aq
+ 2 Claq
117
Net ionic equation
You do it!
Cl 2 g + 2 I aq I 2 s 2 Claq
-
118
Metathesis Reactions
Metathesis reactions occur when two ionic

aqueous solutions are mixed and the ions
switch partners.
AX + BY AY + BX
Metathesis reactions remove ions from

solution in two ways:
1. form predominantly unionized molecules like H2O
2. form an insoluble solid
Ion removal is the driving force of metathesis

reactions.
119
1. Acid-Base (neutralization) Reactions
Formation of the nonelectrolyte H2O
acid + base
salt + water
120
121
122
123
Molecular equation
HBr (aq) + KOH (aq) KBr(aq) + H 2 O ( )

Total
ionic equation
You do it!
aq
aq
+ Br
Net
+K
aq
+ OH aq K
-
ionic equation
aq
aq
+ Br
+ H 2O ()
You do it!
aq
+ OH aq H 2 O ( )
-
124
Molecular equation
Ca(OH) 2 (aq) + 2 HNO 3 (aq) Ca(NO3 ) 2 ( aq) + 2 H 2 O ( )

You do it!
Ca 2aq + 2 OH -aq + 2 H aq + 2 NO3- aq Ca 2aq + 2 NO3- aq + 2 H 2 O ( )
Net
ionic equation
You do it!
2 OH -aq + 2 H aq 2 H 2 O ( )
or better
-
OH aq + H
aq
H 2O()
125
2. Precipitation reactions are metathesis
reactions in which an insoluble
compound is formed.
The solid precipitates out of the solution
much like rain or snow precipitates out of the
air.
126
127
128
Precipitation Reactions
Molecular equation
Ca(NO3 ) 2 (aq) + K 2 CO 3 ( aq) 2 KNO3 ( aq ) + CaCO3 (s)

Total ionic reaction
You do it!
Ca
2
aq
2 NO
3 aq
2K
2K
aq
aq
CO
23 aq
2 NO
3 aq
CaCO
129 3 s
Net ionic reaction
You do it!
Ca
2
aq
+ CO
23 aq
CaCO 3 (s)
130
Molecular equation
3 CaCl2 (aq) + 2 Na 3 PO 4 ( aq) 6 NaCl( aq ) + Ca 3 PO 4 2(s)

Total
ionic reaction
You do it!
3 Ca
2
aq
6 Cl
1aq
+ 6 Na
1
aq
2 PO
1
aq
6 Cl
6 Na
34 aq
1aq
+ Ca 3 PO 4 2 s
131
Net ionic reaction
You do it!
3 Ca
2
aq
2 PO
34 aq
Ca 3 PO 4 2 s
132
Molecular equation
2 HCl (aq) + Na 2SO 3( aq) 2 NaCl( aq ) + H 2O SO 2 g

Total
ionic reaction
You do it!
2H
1
aq
2 Cl
1aq
+ 2 Na
1
aq
SO
23aq
2 Na1aq 2 Cl1aq
+ H 2 O SO 2 g
133
Net ionic reaction
You do it!
134
Gas-Formation Reactions
A gas-formation reaction is a type of
reaction in which there is a formation of an
insoluble or slightly soluble gas when
there are no gaseous reactants.
Displacement reactions in which an active
metal displaces from an acid or from water
are gas-formation reactions; they are not
methathesis reactions.
135
Consider hydrochloric acid with calcium
carbonate to form carbonic acid.
Formula Unit
2HCl(aq) + CaCO3 (s) H2CO3 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq)
Total Ionic
2[H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)]
+ CaCO3 (s)
H2CO3 (aq)
+ [Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)]
Net Ionic
2H+(aq) + CaCO3 (s) H2CO3 (aq) + Ca2+(aq)
136
Enough heat is generated in the reaction
to cause thermal decomposition of
carbonic acid.
H2CO3 (aq) CO2 + H2O(l)
The net effect of the chemical reaction and

subsequent decomposition is
2HCl(aq) + CaCO3 (s) CO2 + H2O(l) + CaCl2 (aq)
137
Synthesis Question
Barium sulfate is a commonly used imaging
agent for gastrointestinal X-rays. This
compound can be prepared by some of the
simple reactions described in this chapter. Write
a balanced aqueous reaction for the production
of barium sulfate. You can choose any aqueous
starting materials that will form barium sulfate!
138
Synthesis Question
Find two aqueous soluble compounds that
have Ba in one compound and SO42- in the
second. When they are mixed, the barium
sulfate will precipitate out. One possibility
is:
BaCl 2(aq) + Na 2SO 4 ( aq ) 2 NaCl(aq) + BaSO 4 ( s )

139
Group Activity
Pretend that you are one of our lab TAs and that
you have been given the assignment to prepare
unknowns for a qualitative analysis experiment.
In a single solution you must have the following
ions: Bi3+, Cd2+, and Cu2+. You must make this
solution using three different anions. What three
compounds would you choose to make this
solution so that no precipitate forms?
140
6.2 Three common classes of

compounds are electrolytes. Name
them and give an example of each.
141

them and give an example of each
Acids, Soluble Bases, and Soluble
Salts.
142

them and give an example of each
Acids, Soluble Bases, and Soluble
Salts.
Examples of strong electrolytes
HCl, HClO4; NaOH, NH3; NaCl, KNO3.
Examples of weak electrolytes
HAc, HF; (CH3)3 N, NH3; Lead Acetate
143
Start these in class:
In CH 6 (p 241)
..
4, 6, 10, 12, 14 .
and 16.
144
Start these in class:
In CH 6.4 (p 241)
How can a salt
be related to a particular acid and a
particular base?
145

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Chapter 6

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CHAPTER 6

Chapter Six Goals

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Examples of strong electrolytes

strong soluble acids

2. NaOH, KOH, etc.

strong soluble bases

3. NaCl, KBr, etc.

soluble ionic salts

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

3. some soluble covalent salts

ionize in water much less than 100%

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Some Strong Acids and Their Anions

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Some Strong Acids and Their Anions

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Some Common Weak Acids and Their Anions

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Some Common Weak Acids and Their Anions

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

CH3COOH structure of acetic acid

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Common Strong Bases

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

KOH K (aq) + OH (aq)

Ba(OH) 2 Ba (aq) + 2 OH (aq)

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Insoluble or sparingly soluble bases

Ionic compounds that are insoluble in water,

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

It is very important that you know these guidelines

Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, and NH4+

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

4) Common chlorides are water soluble.

Exceptions MgF2, CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, and

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

6) Common metal hydroxides are water

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Moderately soluble MgCO3

8) Common sulfides are water insoluble.

Cu s 2 AgNO 3aq Cu(NO 3 ) 2(aq) 2 Ags

AgNO 3aq NaCl aq AgCl s NaNO 3aq

There are three ways to write reactions in

Zn (s) + CuSO 4 (aq) ZnSO 4 (aq) + Cu (s)

Spectator ions do not participate in the

Net ionic equation

In the total and net ionic equations the

Name the more metallic element first.

Name the less metallic element second.