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DISASTER

MANAGEMENT

includes sum total of all activities, programmes and


measures which can be taken up before , during
and after a disaster with the purpose to avoid a
disaster, reduce its impact or recover from its losses.

Mitigation: Measures to minimize the impacts


o Like: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education.

Preparedness: Planning how to respond


o

like: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems.

Response: Initial actions taken to minimize the


hazards
o like: evacuation; search and rescue; emergency relief.

Recovery: Returning the community to normal


o like: rehabilitation and reconstruction

the actions taken to save lives and property and


prevent further damage
putting preparedness plans into action
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o
o
o
o
o
o

search and rescue


immediate medical help and lifesupport
assisting refugees with transport
food ,clothing& temporary shelter
initial repairs to damaged infrastructure
Preventing immediate disaster
damage assessment

Aims of disaster response


o To ensure the survival of the maximum possible number of victims, keeping
them in the best possible health in the circumstances.
o To re-establish self-sufficiency and essential services as quickly as possible
for all population groups, with special attention to the most vulnerable
and underprivileged.
o To repair or replace damaged infrastructure and regenerate viable
economic activities.

Disaster Response Activities


Warning- information concerning the nature of the
danger and imminent disaster threats, to evacuate
or secure property and prevent further damage.
Evacuation and migration-relocation of a
population from zones at risk of an imminent disaster
to a safer location for protection of life of the
community and immediate treatment of injured.
o
o
o
o

For evacuation to work there must be:


A timely and accurate warning system,
Clear identification of escape routes,
community awareness of the plan

Search and rescue (SAR)-process of identifying the location of disaster


victims that may be trapped or isolated and bringing them to safety and
medical attention
o Mountain rescue -in rugged and mountainous terrain
o Ground search and rescue-for persons who are lost or in distress on land
or inland waterways
o Urban search and rescue-location and rescue of persons from collapsed
buildings or other urban and industrial entrapments

o Combat search and rescue-carried out during war


o Air-sea rescue -combined use of aircraft like flying boats, helicopters and
surface vessels

Post-disaster assessment-to provide a clear,


concise picture of the post-disaster situation, to
identify relief needs and to develop strategies for
recovery.

Relief-provision of material aid and emergency


medical care necessary to save and preserve
human lives.
also enables families to meet their basic needs for
medical and health care, shelter, clothing, water,
and food
Logistics and supply-well-organized supply service
for handling the procurement, storage, and
dispatch of relief supplies for distribution to disaster
victims.
Communication and information management-the
equipment for information flow & information
management

Survivor response and coping


Security
protection of the human rights and safety of
displaced populations and refugees

the actions taken to return the community to


normal or better following a disaster.
decisions and actions relative to rebuilding homes,
replacing property, resuming employment, restoring
businesses, and permanently repairing and
rebuilding infrastructure
o Initial Response (1-7 days)
o Mid-Term Planning (7-30 days)
o Long-Term Reconstruction (Several Years)

short-term and long-term.


o Short-term recovery
o restore interrupted utility services, clear roads, and either fix or demolish
severely damaged buildings.
o provide food and temporary shelter
o Physical and Psychological recovery
o Long-term recovery -the complete redevelopment of damaged areas,
restoring economic activity, community facilities and individual housing.

The Recovery Plan


o Gathering basic information
o Organizing recovery
o Mobilizing resources for recovery
o Administering recovery
o Regulating recovery
o Coordinating recovery activities
o Evaluating recovery

Post Disaster Assessment


Purpose of assessment
identification and prioritization of needs for disaster
relief assistance and to facilitate a timely,
appropriate response and recovery
help determine the extent of a disaster and its
impact on the population and facilities

Types of assessment
o Initial or Rapid Assessment-response stage
o In-Depth or Sectoral Assessment-long term recovery (15days-1month)
o Impact Assessment
o Needs Assessment

Initial or Rapid Assessment

comprises both situation and needs


assessment in the early, critical stage of
disaster to determine the type of relief
needed for immediate response.
aim to:
o Identify the impact a disaster has had on a society and its infrastructure,
and the ability of that society to cope
o Identify the most vulnerable segments of the population that need to be
targeted for assistance;
o Identify the level of response by the affected country and its internal
capacity to cope with the situation;
o Identify the level of response from the international community

Identify the most urgent relief needs and potential methods of providing
them most effectively;
o Make recommendations which define and set priorities on the actions
and resources needed for immediate response
o Highlight special concerns regarding the development of the situation
o Draw attention to geographical areas / substantive sectors needing indepth assessment
o

In-Depth or Sectoral Assessment


o To determine long term recovery and development requirements
o Housing and infrastructures, livelihoods, environment and psycho social
aspects
o Identify needs for external assistance

Impact Assessment
o process of collecting information on the magnitude of the disaster and
the extent of its impact on both the population and infrastructure of the
society
o The area affected by location and size
o Causes of causalities and damage
o Human loss and causalities
o Damage on infrastructure and environment
o Environmental, health and sanitation threats
o govt and other agencies and their activities and capacity

Needs Assessment
o the level and type of assistance required for the affected population
o identifies resources and services for immediate emergency measures to
save and sustain the lives of the affected population.
o Needs that can be met from within the community and require external
assistance
o conducted at the site of a disaster or at the location of a displaced
population.

Assessment Process
Human loss and damage
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Deaths
Permanent disabilities
Major injuries
Minor injuries and missing

Assessment Methodology
o Informal discussions
o Secondary sources

Damage to housing
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o

Completely destroyed/ beyond repair


Partially damaged/ repairable
Minor damage
Undamaged

Data assessed
o Geographic location
o Urban / rural
o Size
o Typology on the basis of design and structural
system
o Types of ownership & functional usage
o Average dwelling size,no. of inhabitants per
dwelling
o Status of house

Assessment Methodology
o Village Transect- comparative overview of different parts of community

Habitat Mapping

Photographic Information
Household level Survey-Two types
Damage category and types of construction
materials

Technical details of damage

Damage to community infrastructures


Methodology
o Infrastructure mapping
o Village level Survey
o Photographic Information

Environmental damage
o
o
o
o
o
o

Landform change
Change in natural drainage
Soil degradation
Destruction of vegetation
Water contamination
Loss of flora and fauna

Methodology
o Resource mapping
o Village Transect
o Village survey

Damage to Livelihood
o Loss to means and assets
o Employment and Income

Methodology
o Wealth Ranking
o Occupational network analysis
o Livelihood survey-nature of assets like land, house, livestock

Health Damage
Due to site conditions, population concentration,
contaminated water, lack of sanitation, lack of
nutrition, etc
Methodology
Community Health Surveillance: type, magnitude and pattern and trend
of health problems through monitoring
o Mobility map for health services
o Health Risk Mapping
o

Health Risk Mapping

Psycho social impact


o Psychological disorders
o PTSD-Post traumatic stress disorder-panic reactions, withdrawal from daily
activities, outburst

Methodology
o Listening and observing
o Symptom prevalence matrix
o Case card

Women in Disaster

House hold Survey


Informal survey-field visit survey
Formal survey
o
o
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o

Simple random sampling


Systematic random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Cluster sampling

SHELTER RECONSTRUCTION
STRATEGY
Recovery
shelter/housing

Self
recover
y

Emergency
shelter

Early
Recover
y shelter

Reception and transit camps- 1-5 days


Emergency Shelters/Temporary shelters- day 5-3 month(
rehabilitation)
Permanent Housing- 3months-3 years( reconstruction)

Emergency Shelters/ Temporary shelters


during the period between disaster and the
achievement of a durable shelter solution
Aim
o protection and security
o survival and health
o social needs, such as privacy and dignity
o livelihoods
o natural-resource management
o communal service infrastructure.

Types

odispersed settlement/host familiespre-existing households.


omass shelter- public buildings and
community Facilities
ocamps:
(a) spontaneous -formed without adequate
planning
(b)planned-purpose built

dispersed settlement

o
May not exist in affected areas
o Relocated people are scattered
o difficult to keep track and provide services
o Can reinforce social isolation

mass sheltero
o
o
o
o
o
o
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o

Cheaper
May not exist in affected areas
they can quickly become overcrowded
sanitation and other services can become overburdened
equipment and structure can be damaged
buildings are no longer available for their original purpose
lack of privacy and increased protection risks.
difficult to keep track and provide services
Can reinforce social isolation

spontaneous -formed without adequate plan


o re-location, as early as possible, to well-identified site
o High density, overburden on resources

Criteria for planned shelters:


o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

protection from an immediate danger


Quick to supply
Low cost
Buildable- Small and light unit size
Adaptable-Flexible, Cultural Acceptance
Relief motivated but development driven
minimization of environmental impact
Durability- Fire resistance

Types of shelter system:


In-situ construction-locally available materials and
techniques
o Can evolve to permanent housing
o Flexibility in location, materials, style
o Community involvement
o Requires available, safe, and undisputed land
o Draining of resources

Prefabricated
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Modular,Standard specifications
Can be built in large quantities offsite
Easy to keep track of relocated people
Can be used for collective relocation (preserving social networks)
Requires available, safe, and undisputed land
Low quality and lack of comfort
Often built in inconvenient locations, far from original homes
If use is prolonged, risks degrading to a slum

Standards for construction


o accommodation: in barracks, communal tents with minimum of 3.0
m2per person
o sanitation: 20 persons per latrine, 50persons per shower,
o water supply: absolute minimum provision of 7 litres/person/day plus
water required for kitchens, cleaning and sanitation;
o food preparation: approximately 100 m2 per 500 persons;
o storage: 150 to 200 m3 per 1,000 persons;
o a public address system;
o lighting;
o arrival and departure zones which are separated from accommodation
zones;
o arrival zones should include registration and medical clearance facilities
o administrative offices and staff accommodation;
o one health post and separate accommodation for quarantine;
o security fencing
o Visibility and ease of movement.

Adequate housing
o legal security of tenure
o availability of services, materials, facilities, and infrastructure
o affordability
o habitability
o accessibility
o location
o cultural adequacy.

Onsite Reconstruction / Relocation/Repair

Onsite reconstruction
Approaches
o
o
o
o
o

Cash Approach
Owner driven approach
Community-Driven Reconstruction
Agency-Driven Reconstruction in-Situ
Agency-Driven Reconstruction in Relocated Site

Cash Approach-Unconditional financial assistance without technical support


Repair, reconstruction, migration, etc

Owner driven approach- conditional financial assistance with regulations and


technical support

o Combination of cash, vouchers, technical assistance


o construction or repair work by themselves, by
employing family labor, by employing a local
contractor or local laborers, or by using some
combination of these options

Essential prerequisites
o Training of trades people and homeowners
o Technical assistance and construction supervision
and inspection
o Updating and enforcement of building codes and
construction guidelines
o Mechanisms to regulate prices and facilitate access
to building materials
o A system for providing financial assistance in
installments as construction progresses

Community-Driven Reconstruction: Financial and/or


material assistance is channeled through community
organizations that are actively involved in decision making
and in managing reconstruction
community involvement in the project cycle,
complemented by the assistance of an agency.
Role of agency
o suggest housing designs, technologies, and/or materials,
and delivering construction inputs and training,employ
skilled and unskilled laborers from the community or
facilitate the formation of construction committees.
Roles for the community:
o Organization and planning of the entire reconstruction
process, including housing and infrastructure
o Decisions regarding housing design and building
materials
o Production of building materials such as bricks
o Distribution of building materials or other forms of
housing assistance

Agency-Driven Reconstruction in-Situ: governmental or nongovernmental

/contractors
Design, materials, and expertise are likely to be
imported from outside the community.
The community may or may not be consulted
on certain aspects of the project, such as house
designs.
Lack of control over quality, and opportunity to
participate in specific tasks.
agency hires a construction company

Agency-Driven Reconstruction in Relocated Site


a governmental or nongovernmental agency
contracts the construction of houses on a new site,
generally with little or no involvement by the
community

Reconstruction Process
Planning
o understanding the context and impact of the disaster
o understanding the regulatory framework and establishing methods of
coordination
o understanding funding teams and timescales
o determining which method of assistance is most appropriate
o establishing partnerships with other stakeholders in order to provide
assistance
o recognising natural hazards which pose a future risk
o capturing the objectives, timescales, resources and risks in the
programme plan

Design
o
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selection of appropriate sites for reconstruction


resolving issues of land tenure
physical planning of settlements
definition of appropriate quality for reconstruction
identifying appropriate types of construction
minimising the environmental impact of reconstruction
incorporating disaster risk reduction strategies
design of infrastructure facilities

Construction
o
o
o
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different methods of implementation


management of construction projects
specification, procurement and transportation of materials
management of labour and workmanship
handover, maintenance and post-occupancy evaluation of completed
projects.

Relocation
o Rebuilding in new site voluntarily or involuntarily.

Happens when
o When the old location is subject to a natural hazard
o When the old location is completely destroyed and to move the debris
o new plotting in the old settlement is inconvenient for rapid recovery and
housing purposes

Unsuccessful
o
o
o
o
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o

Inadequacy of new site


Distance from livelihood and social networks
Socio culturally inadequate settlement layout
Lack of community living
Lack of user participation in early decision-making process
Lack of guidance to the beneficiaries during the construction phase of
the houses.

Mitigation

measures that eliminate or reduce the probability of disaster


occurrence, impacts and risks of hazards of unavoidable disasters
through proactive measures taken before disaster occurs.
Includes
Understanding each hazard
its causes
its geographical distribution, magnitude or severity, and probable
frequency of occurrence
the physical mechanisms of destruction
the elements and activities most vulnerable to destruction
the possible economic and social consequences of the disaster
Vulnerability assessment -physical vulnerability ,vulnerability of social
institutions and economic activities
Mitigation Measures

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