Turbomachinery Design

Considerations
EGR 4347 Analysis and Design of
Propulsion Systems

Euler Pump Equation

.
m
re ve ri vi m hte hti
Wc
gc
.

Compressor
Axial Schematic

Compressor
Centrifugal Schematic

Compressor Typical Velocity Diagram

Compressor Repeating Row Nomenclature

Airfoil Pressure and Velocity

Important Parameters

Compressor Efficiency, c
Stage Efficiency, s
Polytropic Efficiency, ec
Stage Pressure Ratio, s
Overall Pressure Ratio, c

Degree of Reaction
o

rotor static enthalpy rise

Rc
stage static enthalpy rise
h2 h1

h3 h1

Desirable value around 0.5

Diffusion Factor
Quantifies the correlation between total pressure
loss and deceleration (diffusion) on the upper
(suction) surface of blade (rotor and stator)

Vmax Ve
D
Vavg

Ve vi ve
define as D 1
Vi
2Vi

is the solidity the ratio of airfoil chord to

spacing

Diffusion Factor Data

Hub, Mean, and Tip Velocity Diagrams

Stall and Surge

Parameters Affecting Turbine Blade

Design
Vibration Environment
Tip Shroud

Number of Blades

Airfoil Shape
Inlet Temperature

Blade Cooling

Material

Trailing-Edge Thickness
Allowable Stress Levels (AN2)
(N = Speed, RPM)

Service Life Requirements

Turbine Prelim Design Focuses on Defining a

Flowpath that Meets Customer Requirements
Customer Reqts/Desires
Performance

Mission

FN, SFC Reqts

Aero Technology

Cost & Risk

Life Reqts Mech. &
Cooling Technologies

Performance
Cycle Design

Turbine
Aero Design

Combustor
Design
AN2
rh
a,b
Wc
Clearance

Material
Selections

Turbine
Mech Design
Manufacturing

No
No
Meet Requirements
Yes
Preliminary Design = Frozen Turbine Flowpath

Component
Temp to other
areas

Turbine Mechanical Detailed Design

Detailed Design Accomplishes Two Functions:
Verify Assumptions/Choices Made in Preliminary Design
Provide Detailed Geometry Required to Achieve Preliminary Design
Goals

Detail Mechanical Design Disciplines:

Materials Selection - satisfy life/performance goals

Secondary Flow Analysis - define/control nonflowpath air (e.g. cooling)
Heat Transfer - component temperature definition
Stress Analysis - component stresses
Vibration Analysis - design to avoid natural frequencies
Life Analysis - define component life for all failure modes

Turbine Nomenclature

50% Reaction Turbine

0% Reaction or Impulse Turbine

Hub, Mean and Tip Velocity Diagrams

Velocity Triangles
1

ABSOLUTE FLOW ANGLES

V 3R
V1

V3

a1

V 3R

b2
V 2R
V2

r
r

u2
a2
V2

v2

b3
u3

v
tan a 2 2
u2

r
a3

v
tan a 3 3
u3

v3R = v 3 + r

RELATIVE BLADE ANGLES

v
v r
tan b 2 2 R 2
u2
u2
v3R v3 r
tan b3

u3
u3

Relating as and bs

v 2 u 2 tan a 2 r u 2 tan b 2
v3 u 3 tan a 3 r u 3 tan b3

u
u
tan a 2 3 tan a 3 tan b2 3 tan b3
u2
u2

TURBINE ANALYSIS
Velocity Triangles

TURBINE ANALYSIS
Euler Turbine Equation:
m

Torque ri v i re v e
gc

t m
W
p Tti Tte
ri v i re v e mc
gc

u2
V2

v2

inlet, i

V3
u3
exit, e

r
v2 v3 c p Tt 2 Tt 3
gc

v3

convention:
v3 = -ve
also, ri = re= r

TURBINE ANALYSIS
Turbine Efficiency:
Adiabatic (Isentropic)
Polytropic

1 s

1 s

t 1 t

1 e
s s t t t

Stage Loading Coefficient, y:

Stage work / mass g c h t

2 r 2
(Rotor Speed)

Typical values: 1.3 - 2.2

TURBINE ANALYSIS
Flow Coefficient, : Typical values 0.5 - 1.1

axial velocity entering rotor u 2

rotor speed
r

Degree of Reaction, R:

Rt

h h
T T
enthalpy rise in rotor
2 3 2 3
total enthalpy rise for stage h t1 h t 3 Tt1 Tt 3

Rt = 0 Impulse turbine

R t 0 Reaction turbine

TURBINE ANALYSIS
Pti Pte
ft
Pressure Loss Coefficient, ft:
Pte Pe
Tip Leakage
Cooling Loss
Profile Loss

Endwall Loss

Velocity Ratio, VR: Typical values: 0.5 - 0.6

rotor speed
VR
vel equivalent of the change in total enthalpy
r
1
VR

2g c h t
2

Turbine Mechanical Design

AN2: Rotor Exit Annulus Area x [Max Physical Speed]2
Units: in2 x RPM2 x 1010, typical values: 0.5<AN2<10 x1010
Typical Limits:
Cooled Blade < 5 x 1010
Advanced Technology < 6.5 x 1010
Uncooled Solid Blade < 10 x 1010
LPT < 7 x 1010
Use max physical speed; not design point or TO speed
Blade Airfoil Stress is Primarily Driven by AN2
Blade Pull Load Driven by AN2

Turbine Mechanical Design

Hub and Tip Speed Limits
rh2: Hub radius x 2/60 x Max Physical RPM
Units: ft/s
Typical Values:
HPT - 1000 ft/s < rh2 < 1500 ft/s
LPT - 500 ft/s < rh2 < 1000 ft/s
Use max physical RPM; not design point or TO speed

Disk Stress is Driven Primarily by rh2

Disk and Blade Attachment Stresses are a function of
rh2 and AN2

Structures
- Rotational Stress (Centrifugal Stress)
- Bending Stress due to the lift of airfoils
- Buffet/Vibrational Stress
- Flutter due to resonant response
- Torsion from shaft torque
- Thermal Stress due to temperature gradients
- FOD
- Erosion, Corrosion, and Creep

Structures

Structures

Structures - Stress Calculations

- Rotational Stress (Centrifugal Stress)
-- Same as for compressor, c, blade

- Disk Thermal Stress, t

-- assume T = T(r) = T0 + T(r/rH)

-- a - coef of linear thermal expansion
-- E - Modulus of Elasticity
r

q r
H

radial stress

tangential stress
Disk

T+T

T
T0

tr

rH

aET
3

r
1
rH

aET
r
1 2
tq
3
rH