A Review of Idealist/Realist Debate

Idealism

Realism

Wilson, Zimmern
Optimistic/Progressive
Outlook
Collective Security
Institutionalizing peace
nstitutions transcending
states
Colloboration
International Institutions

Carr, Morgenthau
Pessimistic/Stability
Outlook
Structural anarchy
War & Security
ndependent states
National interests,
security, power, zerosum competition
Balance of Power
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Lecture Outline (17.10.2002)

Theories of Political Integration
1. Functionalism
2. Neo-Functionalism
3. Interdependence
4. International Regimes
5. Systems Theory

6. World Federalism
7. Epistemic Communities
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Theories of Political Integration

1. What is political integration?

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Political Integration
The process or the product of efforts to
build new political communities and
supranational institutions that
transcend the state

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The Purposes of Political Integration

To remove states incentives for war
To engineer reform programs
To transform international institutions
from instruments of states to structures
over them

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Functionalism
David Mitrany, A Working Peace System,

1966
Ernst Haas, Beyond the Nation-State, 1964

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Functionalism
a gradualist approach to world order with the
attainment of political federation by installments
Peace by pieces
A bottom-up evolutionary view
Why a gradualist approach?
How a gradualist approach?

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Functionalism
Why a gradualist approach?

Because state sovereignty is so firmly for the

states and it is very difficult for the states to cease
it
The conflicts among states are generally
exempted from political issues
Thus, it is very difficult to provide integration
between states in political matters
So, how can cooperation be achieved?
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Functionalism
How a gradualist approach?

In Political Issues

cooperation is
unlikely to occur

So what to do?

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Functionalism
How a gradualist approach?

In Political Issues

cooperation is
unlikely to occur

So what to do?
It is relatively easy to attain cooperation in
non-political matters
What are these?
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Functionalism
How a gradualist approach?
Cooperation in non-political areas
build
habits of interaction
spill over effect
Cooperation in the political areas
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Functionalism
How can functionalist theory be criticized?
the distinction between political and nonpolitical
the transition from non-political to political
integration may not be possible
state sovereignty is underestimated in
functionalist theory

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Neofunctionalism
the supremacy of political factors
the political/non-political aspects are

totally different so there is not a way from

non-political therough political
Integration should begin by the political
issues. Then it would include all other
aspects of life
Maastricht Treaty on EU
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Neofunctionalism
Preconditions for a proper political Integration

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Neofunctionalism
Preconditions for a proper political Integration
geographical proximity
steady economic growth
similar political systems
supportive public opinion
cultural homogeneity
internal political stability
Similar historical experiences
Compatible forms of government and economic
systems
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Neofunctionalism
Preconditions for a proper political Integration
Similar level of economic resources
a shared perception of common external threat
Bureaucratic compatibilities

Previous corroborative efforts

similar level of military preparedness

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Neofunctionalism
Cooperation in Political Matters
Spill Over

Nation-state

Spill Round

Federation

Spill Back
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Interdependence

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Interdependence
Changes in one nation produce significant
changes in one or more others
In emerged as a challenge to the realist
analysis of world politics?
In what ways?
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Interdependence
By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism
1.

2.
3.

States as coherent units are the dominant actors

in world politis
Force is a usable and effective instrument of
policy
There is a hierarchy of issues in world politics
INTEGRATION IS IMPOSSIBLE
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Interdependence
By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism
States as coherent units are the dominant actors in
world politis
Multiple Channels Connect Societies
informal ties btw. Govt. Elites
informal ties btw. Non-govt. Elites
transnational orhanizations
3 types of Channels
interstate
transgovernmental
transnational
1.

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Interdependence
By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism
2. Force is a usable and effective instrument of
policy
Military Force is not employed btw. Govts that
locate in the same region or issue area

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Interdependence
By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism
3. There is a hierarchy of issues in world politics
There is not an hierarchy of issues in the agenda of
interstate relations

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Interdependence
By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism
3. There is a hierarchy of issues in world politics
There is not an hierarchy of issues in the agenda of interstate
relations
Energy resources
Defense
Environment
Health
Population
Education
Use of Seas
Welfare
Agriculture
Justice
Commerce
Labor
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