Modes OF Transmission in wireless

Simplex communication system

Example:

TX

Television , radio

Communication is possible in one direction only

RX

 Half Duplex communication system

Example :

TX+RX

Police radio

Two-way communication on the same channel.

At any given time a user can only transmit or receive

TX +RX

 Full Duplex communication system

Example :

GSM mobile radio

simultaneous two-way communication

TX+RX

Two simultaneous but separate channels are

provided for communication to and from the
terminals

TX +RX

Multiple Access
Different multiple access methods use different
strategies to:

Divide the radio spectrum into channels (Time or Freq.)

Allocate those channels among users (One channel or more)
Identify different users on an RF carrier (Fixed or dynamic)

Frequency Division Multiple

Access (FDMA)

As AMPS and NMT

Time Division Multiple

Access (TDMA)

As GSM and IS-136

TDMA Vs FDMA
FDMA
low cost hardware technology

Advantage
s

No need for network timing

No restriction regarding the type of base
band (voice or data) or type of modulation

Disadvanta
ges

TDMA
Permits a flexible bit rate
Easy for mobile or base stations to
initiate and execute hands off

The presence of guard bands

Requires

Requires Ideal RF filtering to

synchronization

minimize adjacent channel interference

Requires signal processing for

advancing

network-wide

timing

Why Do we need new access

techniques?
Band Saturation
More BW efficiency
Capacity (more than The population of the
globe use mobile phones)

What about SDMA?

CDMA Spread Spectrum

Originally developed for military and navigation purposes

NO More necessary

As Channel BW get smaller More Capacity

CDMA Spread Spectrum

CDMA Spread Spectrum

CDMA Spread Spectrum

Researches started even from 1950s
Cellular spread-spectrum application was suggested by Cooper and Nettleton in 1978
IS-95, the narrow band CDMA mobile network, has been standardized in 1993 and
commercial networks were introduced in 1995
3G wideband CDMA systems, such as CDMA2000 in U.S. and European WCDMA
developed from 1990s and still ongoing

CDMA Spread Spectrum

Signal Spreading Preview

In DS spreading, the incoming digital speech

signal is multiplied by a digital pseudo-noise

(PN) code through a process called bit stream
multiplication.

The result of DS spreading is an encoded, spread spectrum, CDMA signal.

Signal Spreading Preview

Fast frequency hopping

This approach assumes that the two stations have:

A common knowledge of the frequency hopping plan.

Synchronized clocks

Signal Spreading Preview

Time Hopping

Time hopping assumes that the two stations in communication have:

A common knowledge of the time-hopping "plan."
Synchronized clocks

The Strengths of CDMA

Increased system capacity.
Cell sites can be larger.
Enhanced privacy due to digital coding of CDMA

signals.
Enhanced call quality
Lower transmit RF power levels, longer battery

life, and increased talk time for hand-held units.

Bit Stream Multiplication

Concepts

Bit stream multiplication is the process where

an input bit stream of information (usually a
digital speech signal) called b(t) is multiplied
by a pseudo-noise (PN) code called c(t) to
produce a new composite output signal called
y(t).

Bit Stream Multiplication

Concepts
Consider the difference between spreading

and scrambling:

Bit Stream Multiplication

Concepts
Code

01000101111010101001
10110101001010101011

Code

10110101001010101011

Not Data

00000101001010101001

Data

Bit Stream Multiplication

Concepts

b(t) c(t) = y(t)

b(t) c(t) c(t) = b(t)

Spreading and
Despreading
Remember that spreading occurs when a
lower bit rate input signal b(t) is multiplied by
a higher chip rate spreading code
c(t) as
Bit
shown.
Chip

Spreading and Despreading

Cont.

despreading takes y(t) and multiplies again by

the same spreading PN code c(t) to recover
the digital information signal b(t).

Spreading and Power

Spectral
Density

Spreading does not change total power.

Spreading changes how the power is
distributed over frequency.
The following formulas hold true:
Fb =1/Tb (the bit rate of the input signal)
Fc =1/Tc (the chip rate of the spreading code)
G (processing gain) = Fc/Fb =Tb/Tc

Scrambling and
Descrambling
Scrambling is often used for privacy. When
scrambling is used for encryption, then
descrambling is used for decryption.

Repeated Spreading and

Scrambling
CDMA systems use scrambling and spreading in
several ways for:
Encryption for privacy
Channel identification
Base station identification

PN Codes
A binary sequence with fixed length and has

noise-like randomness
Nearly equal number of zeros and ones
Low correlation between shifted versions of the

sequence
Low correlation with other user signals
(interference) and noise
Good autocorrelation properties with own signal in
synchronization

Code Generation
Circuitry

Code Generation
Circuitry
D
D
Flip
Flip
Flop
Flop

D
D
Flip
Flip
Flop
Flop

D
D
Flip
Flip
Flop
Flop

Quick Review

RF Transmission Delay and

Radio signals typically travel at a rate of about five
its
Effect
microseconds to the mile. Assuming that a mobile is ten
miles away from the base station, a 50 microsecond (s)
delay would be the result.

Chip = .81 usec

RF Transmission Delay and

its Effect

Locking On to a Particular PN
Sequence Cont.

Locking On to a Particular PN
Sequence Cont.

Locking On to a Particular PN
Sequence Cont.

Signal Correlation With Offsets Less Than 1 Time

Chip

Signal Correlation With Offsets Less Than 1 Time

Chip

Signal Correlation