Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Solubility
Solution
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more pure
substances.
In a solution, the solute is dispersed uniformly throughout the
solvent.
A homogenous mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent.
The solubility (ability to dissolve) of a solute in a solvent is
dependent on the
a. Temperature
For solid solutes
as temperature increases, solubility increases.
For gas solutes
:as temperature increases, solubility decreases.
b. Pressure
For solid solutes
as pressure increases, solubility remains the same.
c. Nature of Solute/Solvent
Solute Type
Polar Solvent
Soluble (Soap)
Insoluble (Water)
Polar
Insoluble
Soluble (Water)
Ionic (Salt)
Insoluble
Soluble (Water)
High Solubility-Soluble
Low Solubility-insoluble
Solubility
Maximum grams of solute that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent at
a given temperature.
Solubility= Gram of solute
100 g of Water
Varies with temperature
Based on a saturated solution
The bond between solubility and
temperature can be expressed by a
solubility curve. The solubility curves
of several compounds are shown on
the right. Such curves disclose the
maximum amount of solute that can
be dissolved in 100 grams of water
over a range of temperatures.
The solubility of most compounds
increases as temperature increases,
although exceptions do exist.
Types of Solution
1. An unsaturated solution is a solution in which more solute can
be dissolved at a given temperature.
2. A saturated solution is a solution containing the maximum
amount of solute that will dissolve at a given temperature.
3. A supersaturated solution is a solution that contains more solute
than would dissolve in a saturated solution at a given
temperature.
UNSATURATED SOLUTION
more solute dissolves
SATURATED SOLUTION
no more solute dissolves
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION
becomes unstable, crystals form
increasing concentration
Types of Solution
Saturated
Solvent holds as much solute as is possible at that
temperature.
Dissolved solute is in dynamic equilibrium with
solid solute particles.
Unsaturated
Saturated
Supersaturated
Solvent holds more solute than is normally possible at that
temperature.
These solutions are unstable; crystallization can usually be stimulated
by adding a seed crystal or scratching the side of the flask.
Solubility Rules
1. Not all ionic compounds are water soluble.
2. There are some general rules for compounds that are water
soluble:
Na+
K+ or
Na2SO4
KBr
Ca(NO3)2
NO3-
Solubility Rules
2. Salts with Cl- are soluble, but not if the positive ion is :
Ag+, Pb2+, or Hg22+.
Examples:
Soluble
Insoluble
MgCl2
AgCl , PbCl2
3. Salts with SO42- are soluble, but not if the positive ion is Ba2+,
Pb2+, Hg2+ or Ca2+.
Examples:
Soluble
Not soluble
MgSO4
BaSO4 PbSO4
The more
similar the
intermolecular
attractions, the
more likely one
substance is to be
soluble in another.
Factors Affecting
Solubility
Concentration
Concentration of a solution can be expressed either quantitatively
or qualitatively (dilute or concentrated).
Mass
Percentage
Mass % of component =
100
Mole Fraction
This is how many moles of substance are in the solution.
Moles of component
Total moles of all components
Molarity
Relates the volume of solution to the quantity of solute that it
contains.
Molarity =
Molality(
m)
Moles solute
Liters solution
mol of solute
m = kg of solvent
Changing Molarity to
Molality
If we know the density of the
solution, we can calculate the
molality from the molarity,
and vice versa.
Raoults Law
Psoln = solventPsolvent
Psoln = solventPsolvent
Ideal solutions
are nonideal
may approach ideal behavior
if solute and solvent are
similar
Example: sucrose in water
Vapor Pressure of an
Ideal Solution
Two Volatile Solvents
Ptotal = PA + PB = XAPA0 + XBPB0
NONIDEAL SOLUTIONS
Positive
Deviation
Negative
Deviation
Colligative
Properties
T = Kbmsolute
Kb = Molal boiling point elevation constant
m = Molality of the solute
T = Kfmsolute
Phase Diagram for an
Aqueous Solution
In effect, a dissolved
solute acts to extend
the liquid range of
the solvent
Boiling-Point Elevation
and Freezing-Point
Depression
Colligative Properties of
Electrolyte
Solutions
vant Hoff factor, i, relates to the number of ions per formula
unit.
NaCl = 2, K2SO4 = 3
i (expected)
i (observed)
NaCl
2.0
1.9
MgCl2
3.0
2.7
FeCl3
4.0
3.4
Osmosis
Some substances form semipermeable membranes, allowing
some smaller particles to pass through, but blocking other
larger particles.
In biological systems, most semipermeable membranes allow
water to pass through, but solutes are not free to do so.
Osmosis
In osmosis, there is net movement of solvent from the area of
higher solvent concentration (lower solute concentration) to
the are of lower solvent concentration (higher solute
concentration).
Osmotic
Pressure
The pressure required to stop osmosis, known as
osmotic pressure, , is
=(
n
V
)RT = MRT
Colloids
Colloids are particles that are large on the molecular scale but still
small enough to remain suspended indefinitely in a solvent system.
(aka colloidal dispersions.)
They are intermediate between solutions and heterogeneous
mixtures.
They have the ability to scatter light; known as the Tyndall effect.
Colloids in Biological
Systems
Some molecules have a
polar, hydrophilic (waterloving) end and a
nonpolar, hydrophobic
(water-hating) end.
Call us for more information:
1-855-694-8886
Visit
www.iTutor.com
The End