SARDAR VALLABHBHAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SURAT-395007, GUJARAT, INDIA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON

DETECTION OF WINDING
DEFORMATION IN POWER
TRANSFORMER
PISE SUMIT GOVIND
P13PS012
M.Tech POWER SYSTEMS

Dr. H. G. Patel
(Supervisor)

Outline
Introduction
Modelling a transformer winding
Frequency response analysis method
Deformation coefficient method
Conclusion

Introduction
Overview
Detection winding deformation

Reactance comparison method

Frequency response analysis(FRA)
Using deformation coefficient

Modelling a transformer winding

L1n
L2n

L11

L22

Lnn

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cg/2

Cg
1

Cg

Cg/2

Cg

1'

2'

Fig. 1: Lumped parameter model

Parameters of the winding

Number of sections = 8
Number of turns in each section = 20
18 SWG (Standard Wire Gauge)
Mean diameter of winding = 185 mm
Height of winding = 225 mm
Sectional series capacitance Cs = 2.2 nF
Sectional ground capacitance Cg = 1.0 nF
L
117

M1
58.1

Inductance values (H)

M2
M3
M4
M5
31.4 19.14 12.55 8.6

M6
5.95

M7
4.45

(The measured self and mutual inductances are given in the table. Here, L
is the self-inductance of the sections, and M1, M2, etc., are the mutual
inductances between the sections. The suffix indicates sectional separation.
For example, mutual inductance between sections 1-4 or 2-5 or 3-6 or 4-7
is M3 and that between sections 1-8 is M7.)

Frequency Response
Analysis Method
Principle
Fault Diagnosis using FRA

Analysis with known reference recordings

Analysis without reference recordings

using different phases of the same transformer.

using a twin transformer.

Simulation Results

Impedance

10

Impedance (ohms)

10

10

5
Frequency (Hz)

10
4
x 10

10
4
x 10

Phase

Phase (deg)

100
50
0
-50
-100
0

5
Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 2 Driving point impedance characteristic of a winding with terminals

22' shorted

Impedance

10

Impedance (ohms)

10

10

5
Frequency (Hz)

10
4
x 10

10
4
x 10

Phase

Phase (deg)

100
50
0
-50
-100
0

5
Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 3 Driving point impedance characteristic of a winding with terminals

22' open circuited

Comparison of FRA signatures for radially deformed section

Impedance (ohms)

Impedance
No deformation
Section 4 radially deformed by 5%
Section 6 radially deformed by 15%
Section 8 radially deformed by 30%

10

5
Frequency (Hz)

10
4
x 10

10
4
x 10

Phase

Phase (deg)

100
50
0
-50
-100
0

5
Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 4 Driving point characteristic (open circuited farther end 22')

Frequency and amplitude of natural frequencies

Comparative study of shift in natural frequencies due to radial deformation at different sections
Section

Pole
Frequency

Zero
Log(Z)

kHz
Pole/zero number
No deformation
Section 4 by 5%
Section 6 by 15%
Section 8 by 30%

No deformation
Section 4 by 5%
Section 6 by 15%
Section 8 by 30%

4.325
4.329
4.32
4.305

228
228
230
234

4.035
4.03
4.03
4.025

303
304
304.5
306.25

3.68
3.68
3.67
3.67

369
369.5
370.5
372

3.32
3.325
3.32
3.305

425
425.5
426.2
427.9

2.92
2.91
2.92
2.905

468
468.2
469.6
469.9

0.63
0.632
0.625
0.635
3
1.015
1.016
1.01
1.04
4
1.3
1.3
1.31
1.31
5
1.595
1.595
1.595
1.6
6

7
472
472
473.5
473.5

0.34
0.34
0.335
0.325
2

6
432
432.5
433
434.2

Pole/zero number
No deformation
Section 4 by 5%
Section 6 by 15%
Section 8 by 30%

138
138.2
138.7
146

5
380
380.5
381
383

Pole/zero number
No deformation
Section 4 by 5%
Section 6 by 15%
Section 8 by 30%

4.55
4.545
4.563
4.545

4
322
322.5
323
324.6

Pole/zero number
No deformation
Section 4 by 5%
Section 6 by 15%
Section 8 by 30%

41.1
41.2
42.2
44

3
257.5
257.7
259.3
261.5

Pole/zero number
No deformation
Section 4 by 5%
Section 6 by 15%
Section 8 by 30%

1
4.66
4.663
4.6548
4.685

2
186
186.6
186.8
193

Pole/zero number

Log(Z)

kHz

96.75
96.8
97.55
103

Pole/zero number
No deformation
Section 4 by 5%
Section 6 by 15%
Section 8 by 30%

Frequency

1.86
1.86
1.865
1.87
7
2.2
2.21
2.21
2.21

Deformation Coefficient Method

C1H C1' H
DC log10

'
C2 H C2 H

Principle

Procedural steps

After isolating the transformer and removing electrical connections of the

winding under test with other windings and connecting all terminals of other
windings to ground, the following four capacitance measurements need to be
done:
The capacitance (C1H) between winding terminals 1 and 1 at selected high
frequency (FH): The high frequency needs to be selected only once initially, and
is such that the impedance offered by the winding remains capacitive beyond that
frequency. This can be easily ensured by observing the phase of the impedance.
The capacitance (C2H) across winding terminals 2 and 2 at the same high
frequency.
The capacitance (C12H) across winding terminals 1 and 2 at the same high
frequency.
The capacitance (CL) between winding terminals 1 and 1 or terminals 2 and 2 at
FL (a low frequency, say about 50 to 100 Hz): The low frequency is selected such
that the measured impedance value is predominantly decided by the parallel
combination of sectional ground capacitances.
Only these four measured capacitances and two selected frequencies need to
be preserved as the fingerprint or reference values for the winding under test (for the
purpose of future diagnostics).

Uniqueness of Deformation Coefficient

For the eight sections winding model considered in this

work the expressions for DC as a function of p. u. change
in sectional ground capacitance are given below.
For sections at the extreme ends,

x a x 2 bx c
DC s log10 k g

x d x e

Whereas, for the rest of the sections

x a x 2 bx c
DC s log10 k g
x d x 2 ex f

The DC as a function of p.u. change in sectional series

capacitance is

yg
DC s log10 ks

yh

Similarly, the expression for C12H is of the form

C12 H k

y
y i

Coefficient of above expression for different sections

Coefficient
s

Sec-1
+

Sec-2
+

Sec-3
+

Sec-4
+

Sec-5
-

Sec-6
-

Sec-7
-

Sec-8
-

kg

-1337.1

954.4

56.0

3.8

3.8

56.0

954.4

-1337.1

10.8

10.798

10.794

10.777

10.777

10.794

10.798

10.8

13.931

15.747

16.545

16.977

16.977

16.545

15.747

13.931

26.77

42.302

49.947

52.702

52.702

49.947

42.302

26.77

8.985

9.898

10.502

10.755

10.755

10.502

9.898

8.985

8.53

19.32

17.529

17.15

17.15

17.529

19.32

8.53

-----

72.745

57.402

54.164

54.164

57.402

72.745

-----

ks

74083

1146.1

59.08

3.8387

3.8387

59.08

1146.1

74083

1.1830

1.3805

1.445

1.4644

1.4644

1.445

1.3805

1.1830

1.9386

1.5703

1.4945

1.4743

1.4743

1.4945

1.5703

1.9386

-196.1

-55.0

-17.6

-8.3

-8.3

-17.6

-55.0

-196.1

1.4734

1.4734

1.4734

1.4734

1.4734

1.4734

1.4734

1.4734

Simulation Results
Sectional ground capacitance change
4
For first section
For second section
For third section
For fourth section

3.5

Deformation Coefficient

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

0.05

0.1

0.15
0.2
p. u. deformation

0.25

0.3

Sectional series capacitance change

5
For first section
For second section
For third section
For fourth section

4.5

Deformation coefficient

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5

0.05

0.1

0.15
0.2
p. u. deformation

0.25

0.3

Change in C12H v/s sectional deformation

60
section 1 or 8 deformed
section 2 or 7 deformed
section 3 or 6 deformed
sectioin 4 or 5 deformed

Change in C12H (in pF)

50

40

30

20

10

0.05

0.1

0.15
0.2
p. u. change in sectional Cs
(Base Cs=2.2nF, Cg=1.0nF)

0.25

0.3

Conclusion

For FRA method, one requires lengthy algorithms,

advanced resources and possibly, the analysis by an
expert to deduce the conclusions about the location and
extent of deformation.
Unlike FRA diagnostic studies, the deformation
coefficient (DC) method does not require frequency
sweep to deduce conclusions about winding state. Also,
the need of interpretation by an expert is not essential.
Hence the method of deformation coefficient is the most
suitable method for detecting transformer winding
deformation.

References
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