Industrial Piping

Piping is used for

Industrial
Marine
Transportation
Plumbing

Process Piping
Process Piping is used to transport
fluids between
Storage tanks and process units
Pump to Reaction Vessel
One Vessel to other vessel
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Utility Piping
Service or Utility piping is used to
convey
steam
air
water
fuel oil
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Tubes .
Tubular products are
termed as tube.
Used for steam tracing
Tube is specified by
outside diameter and
wall thickness
BWG (Birmingham
Wire Gauge)
mm.
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The principal uses for tube are in

1. Heat exchangers
2. Instrument lines
3. Inter-connections on
- Compressors
- Boilers
- Refrigerator.
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Pipes
Pipe is identified by
Nominal Pipe Size, NB
Wall thickness
Schedule number
API designations
Weights.

Non-standard pipes are

specified by nominal size
and wall thickness.
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Pipe Size ..
The size of all pipe is
identified by Nominal
Pipe Size, which is not
equal to the true bore
(internal diameter) of the
pipe.
350 mm NB and larger
pipes
have
outside
diameter
equal
to
nominal pipe size.
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Pipe Size .

Pipe Size
32, 65, 95, 125 mm NB pipes are normally
used in small length for final connection to
equipment, but piping later is done with one
size larger.

Lengths of Pipe
Straight pipe is supplied in random
lengths of 6 to 8 meters and of double
this length.

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Pipe Ends
Ends of these pipes are
generally either
Plain end (PE) for
socket welding
Beveled end (BE)
for butt-welding
Threaded ends
which is supplied
with one coupling
per length.
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Pipe Thickness .

Pipes in the various sizes are

made in several wall thickness for
each size, which have been
established by three different
sources.
ANSI, ASME and ASTM, API
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Pipe Thickness
ASTM through
standard, extrastrong and
double extra
strong.
ANSI / ASME: as
per Schedule
Number in
standard
B36.10
API: 5L and 5LX.
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TEMPERATURE and PRESSURE

LIMITS
Carbon Steels lose strength at high temp.
Electric-resistance-welded (ERW) pipe
is not considered satisfactory for service
above 400 Degrees C.
For higher temperatures, pipes made
from Stainless Steel or other alloys
should be considered.
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MATERIAL of CONSTRUCTION
Different materials are used for construction
of pipes and tubes.
Carbon Steel
Iron
Non Ferrous
Plastic
Glass
Lined metal.
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Carbon Steel
The most readily available carbon steel
pipe is made to Material Standards:
1. ASTM A53 or ASTM A106
2. Schedules 40, 80, STD and XS
3. Electric arc welded - Grade A and B
4. Seamless - Grade A and B
(B grade has the higher tensile strength)
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Pipe
Finishes
Common finishes
are
Black (plain or
mill finish)
Galvanized (zinc
coated)

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Most sizes and weights are also available

in seamless carbon steel to ASTM A 106,
which is comparable specification to A
53, but prescribing more stringent testing.
Three grades of A 106 are available,
Grade A, B and C, in order of increasing
tensile strength.
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A 53 Grade Grade A / B
Specific gravity is 7.85, and density
7850 kg/m3.

Properties of Grade A and B

A53 Grade A: Tensile strength
of 3200 kg/cm2.
A53 Grade B: Tensile strength
of 4000 kg/cm2.

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A 106 Grade Grade A / B / C.

Specific gravity is 7.85, and density
7850 kg/m3.

Properties of Grade A and B

A106 Grade A: Tensile strength
of 3200 kg/cm2 .
A106 Grade B: Tensile strength
of 4000 kg/cm2.

A106 Grade C: Tensile strength

of 4500 kg/cm2.
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A 53/106 Grade Grade A / B / C.

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Construction of Pipe

Straight seam welded (ERW) from plate

Spiral welded pipe - from plate
Seamless pipe - by piercing
solid billets.
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Advantages of CS Pipes
Carbon Steel pipe is
Strong
Ductile
Weldable
Mechineable
Reasonably durable
Cheaper than pipe
made from other
materials.
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Material of Choice
It is natural choice if carbon
steel pipe can meet
requirements of
Pressure
Temperature
Corrosion resistance
Hygiene
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Iron Pipe .
It is made from cast-iron and ductile iron.

25

Iron Pipe

Uses for lines which are

laid under the ground.
Water
Gas
Sewage
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Non-Ferrous Pipes / Tubes .

Pipes or tubes made from
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Brass
Aluminum
Various grades of SS.
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Non-Ferrous Pipes / Tubes

Relatively expensive.
Selected for
Corrosion resistance to process
chemicals.
Good heat transfer.

Tensile strength at higher

temperatures.
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Copper
Uses of Copper and Copper
Alloys

Instrument lines
Food processing
Heat transfer equipment
Stainless steels are increasingly
used for these purposes.
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Lead
Uses

Dilute Suphuric Acid

Water
Soil Waste
Ventilating
Gas Supply
Telephones
Telegraph
Under ground works
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Copper - Nickel Pipes

Corrosion resistance
similar to copper.
Higher general strength
and better fatigue
strength.

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Brass Pipes

Available as
Pipes
Pipe adaptors
Pipe couplings
Pipe elbows
Pipe nipples
Pipe unions
Pipe tees
Pipe plugs
pipe wyes.
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Aluminum Pipes

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Plastic Pipes .
Used for transporting actively corrosive fluids.
Especially useful for handling corrosive or
hazardous gases and dilute mineral acids.
Used in three ways as

all plastic pipe.

as filled plastic materials (Glass fiber
reinforced, carbon filled, etc.).
as lining or coating material.
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Plastic Pipes
Plastic pipe is made from
Polypropylene
Polyethylene
Polybutylene
Poly vinylchloride
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
Cellulose Acetate-butyrate
Polyolefins
Polyesters.
Pipe made from Polyester and Epoxy resins is frequently
glass fibre reinforced (FRP) and commercial product of
this type have good resistance to wear and chemical attack.
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Glass .
Borosilicate glass is used for pipes and
fittings.
All glass piping is used for its chemical
resistance, cleanliness and transparency.
Glass pipe is not subject to crazing, often
found in glass lined pipes and vessels
subjected to repeated thermal stresses.
Pipes, fittings and hardware are available
both for process piping and for drainage.
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Glass
Process lines of 25, 40, 50, 80, 100 and
150 mm NB are readily available, with
200 Degrees C as maximum operating
temp.
Pressure range up to
4 kg/sq.cm. (for 25 to 80 mm NB).
3.5 kg/sq.cm. (for 100 mm NB).
2.5 kg/sq.cm. (for 150 mm NB)
37

Lining and Coating .

Lining and coating carbon steel pipe with
material able to withstand chemical attack
permits its use to carry corrosive fluids.
Lengths of lined pipes and fittings are joined
by flanges, and elbows, tees etc, are available
readily flanged.
Lining like rubber can be applied after
fabricating the pipe, but pipe is often pre-lined.
Lining of various rubbers, plastics, metals and
vitreous material is available.
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Lining and Coating

Coating is made from Plastics like Polypropylene, Poly-ethylene, Poly-butylene, Polyvinylchloride, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene,
Poly-olefins, and Poly-esters.
Carbon Steel pipe coated with zinc, by immersion
into molten zinc (hot-dip galvanized) is used for
conveying drinking water, instrument air and
various other fluids.
Rubber and Basalt lining is often used to handle
abrasive fluids.
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Reinforcements: Used for straight run pipes as well

as for branch connections.
On Straight Pipe : If a butt-weld joining two sections
of straight pipe is subject to unusual external stress, it
may be reinforced by addition of a sleeve, which is
pipe cut at the seams in two parts.
The Code applicable to piping should be referred for
reinforcement.
Reinforcing pieces are usually provided with a small
hole to vent gases produced by welding, which would
otherwise get trapped.
Vent hole also serves to indicate any leak in the weld.
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On Branch Connections :
- Addition of extra metal at a branch connection
made from a pipe or vessel wall.
- Added metal compensates for structural
weakening due to the hole.
- Stub-ins may be reinforced with regular or
wrap-around saddles.
- Rings made from pipe stock are used to
reinforce branches made with welded laterals and
butt welded connections to vessels.
- Small welded connections may be reinforced by
adding extra metal to the joint.
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METHODS of PIPE JOINING

Five methods of joining pipes to
each other. These are
Butt-Welded.
Socket Welded.
Screwed.
Bolted Flanges.
Bolted Quick Couplings.
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Butt Welded Pipes .

Used for most of the process, utility
and service piping.
If welding is not properly done,
intruding material may affect flow.
End of the pipe is first beveled.
Fittings are similarly beveled.
Two parts are aligned, properly
gapped, tack welded, and continuous
weld is made to complete joint.

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Butt Welded Pipes

Lines 50 mm NB and larger are usually butt
welded.
Most economic and leak proof way of
joining larger diameter piping.
Usually such lines lines are sub-contracted
to a piping fabricator for pre-fabrication in
sections, termed as spools, which are then
transported to the site.
Butt weld fittings are used in these lines.
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45

Socket-Welded Pipes .
Used for pipelines conveying flammable, toxic or
expensive material, where no leakage can be
permitted.
Socket welding is easier to align on small lines
than butt welding.
Tack welding is not necessary.
No weld metal can enter the bore.
Joint will not leak, when properly made.
Small gap in pipe and fitting may hold liquid in it.
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Socket-Welded Pipes
To make the joint pipe is finished flat.
Located in the fitting, valve, flange etc., and
a continuous fillet weld is made around the
circumference.
Lines 40 mm NB and smaller are usually
socket welded and are normally field run by
the piping contractor from general
arrangement drawings.
These have socket welding fittings.
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48

Screwed Pipes

Lines 40 mm NB and smaller can have

screwed joints but these joints can leak.
Should not be used for flammable or
corrosive liquids.
Can be easily made on site from pipes
and fittings.
Minimizes fire hazard when installing
these as no welding work is involved.
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Screwed Pipes
Not good for erosion, crevice corrosion,
shock or vibration or at very high
temperatures.
Seal welding may be necessary.
Strength of the pipe is reduced, as forming
screw thread reduces the wall thickness.
Field run by piping contractor.
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Bolted Flanged Pipes

Expensive and for most part are
used to mate with flanged vessels,
equipment, valves, and for process
lines which may require periodic
cleaning.
Flanged joints are made by bolting
together two flanges with gasket
between them to provide seal.
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Bolted Quick Couplings

Connections of this type may be suitable
for either permanent or temporary use
depending on the joint and gasket, and
service conditions.
Piping can be built rapidly with these, and
these are useful for making repairs to lines,
for constructing short-run process
installations such as pilot plants and for
process modifications.
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PIPE DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS AS PER

ANSI B 36.10

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