Basics of Production Technology

1.
BASICS OF PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY
Basics of Production Technology
Density difference
Viscosity difference
Leads different shear stresses
Expansion of gas Leads Faster Velocity

Since 1930, several Theories
Leads to Multiphase Vertical
Flow and Multiphase

horizontal flow

Multiphase Vertical Flow-Distinguishing Features
1. Specific volume of fluid varies with pressure and
Temperature; small gas at the bottom & more at top

2. Energy loss due to Frictional, loss due to turbulence
& slippage loss due to specific weight difference.

Affected by
1. ID, acceleration due to gravity, wetted angle on
pipewall, interfacial tension, etc.
2. Flow regime due to variation of press & temp.,
buoyancy, turbulence, inertia & surface tension.

Multiphase Vertical Flow-Distinguishing Features
(i) Frictional loss varies inversely with ID.
(ii) Combined frictional losses of gas & liquid is more
than that of each phase individually.
iii) Varying heights of pipeline layout profile
iv) Flow pattern varies with pressure, temperature,

flow velocity and rate.
Pf
Ps
FIG -1.2

Producing Oil Wells Mainly oil, Multiphase Flow
Producing Gas Wells Mainly gas, very high GOR

Wellbore Hydraulics (Nodal Analysis) means:
A plumbing system connecting reservoir drainage
boundary to the first stage separator at surface.
Several Nodes are formed.
Inflow Curve (IPR) Measures Reservoir Capacity to

Produce.
Outflow Curve (TIC) measures ability to lift fluid to
surface.
Inflow/outflow intersection provides solution point or
natural flowing point.

Gas
Well head
Beam
Path Sector 4
Liquid out let
Separator
Path
Sector
3
Schematic Diagram of different

Path - Sectors of fluid
flow from Reservoir to surface
Tubing
Path Sector 2
Path Sector 1
Reservoir Drainage area
Fig 1.4a
10

Inflow Vs Outflow Curves
P
Decreasing GLR
IPR
0
Liquid Rate
Keeping THP Constant
11
Multiphase flow (Vertical/Inclined), known as Outflow or

Tubing Intake Curve (TIC) Vs. IPR, known as Inflow.
P
Pr
IPR
TIC
Pwf
Operating
Point
0
QL QL max
Liquid
Keeping GLR & THP
Rate
constant
Fig. 1.4 (c)
12

Pwf = Pr
STRAIGHT P.I. AND IPR

STRAIGHT P.I.
IPR
Pwf
Q max
Q max
Q max for Straight P.I. >> Q max for IPR

FIG.1.4-1 : Actual Case For P I
13
PRESSURE
G
O
R
P
R
E
P S
I S.
PI
GOR
CUMM. PROD.
FIG. 1.4-2 : Typical Performance For an Active Water Drive Reservoir
14
RESV.
PRESS.
GOR
GOR
PI
RESV.
PRESS
PI
CUMM. PROD.
FIG. 1.4-3 : Typical Performance For A Solution Gas Drive

Field Reservoir.
15
RESV.
PRESS.
P.I
GOR
RESV.
PRESS.
GOR
PI
CUMM. PROD.
FIG. -1.4-4 : Typical Performance For A Gas cap Expansion Drive
Reservoir.
16

CONSTANT J
Pr
Pb
VOGEL
BEHAVIOR
Pwf
qb
PRESS .
J Pb/1.8
qmax
q
0
RATE.
FIG. 1.4-5: Combination Constant PI and Vogel Behaviour Case,

when Pr>Pb
17
Np/N = 0.1%
2%
4%
6%
CUMM. REC.,
% OF
ORIGINAL OIL
IN PLACE
8%
10 %
12 %
14 %
PRODUCING RATE , M3/D
FIG. - 1.4-6 : Computer Calculated Inflow Performance

Relationships
For A Solution Gas Drive Reservoir- Pattern of
IPR with Cumulative Recovery.
18
INTRODUCTION ON ARTIFICIAL LIFT

CONCEPT OF PRODUCTIVITY INDEX
P.I = Q / ( Pr - Pwf )
Pwf = Pr
Where ,
P.I = Productivity index.
Pwf
Q = Total quantity of fluid.
Pr = Reservoir Pressure.
Pwf = 0
Pwf = Flowing bottom hole pressure.
Q Pr - Pwf
Qmax
Q = K (Pr - Pwf)
K = Q / (Pr - Pwf)
Where K is a constant, known as PI
Pwf
Pr
19
INFLOW PERFORMANCE
VOGELS WORK ON IPR :
From general IPR equation i.e.
J = qo / ( Pr - Pwf ) --------------- ( 1 )
When Pwf is zero , the qo becomes maximum and denoted as
qmax.
That is
or
J = qmax / ( Pr- 0 )
J = qmax / Pr----------------- ( 2 )
Contd.--------------
20
INFLOW PERFORMANCE
Dividing equation ( 1 ) by ( 2 )
J/J
qo / ( Pr - Pwf ) * Pr / qmax
or
qo / qmax = ( Pr - Pwf ) / Pr
or
qo / qmax = ( Pr / Pr ) - ( Pwf / Pr )
or
qo / qmax = 1 - ( Pwf / Pr )
since IPR curve below bubble point is not a straight line , he

created a parabolic equation from the above.
Contd.----------------
21
INFLOW PERFORMANCE
He distributed {Pwf / Pr } in the following manner
20 % of {Pwf / Pr } & 80 % of {Pwf / Pr }

Therefore , the new equation is established as :-
qo / qmax = 1 - 0.2 {Pwf / Pr } - 0.8 {Pwf / Pr }

He then plotted dimensionless IPRs in two dimensional plane ,
where X- axis represents qo /
/ Pr
qmax and Y- axis represents Pwf

Contd.----------------
22
INFLOW PERFORMANCE
The minimum and maximum values qo /
in each case is 0 and 1.0.
qmax and Pwf / Pr
1.00
0.80
0.60
Pwf/Pr
0.40
0.20
0
0.20
0.40
0.60
qo / qmax
0.80
1.00
Inflow performance relationship for solution gas drive reservoirs (afterVogel).
23
INFLOW PERFORMANCE
STANDINGS EXTENSION OF VOGELS IPR
FOR DAMAGED OR IMPROVED WELL :
According to him, flow efficiency is defined as :
F.E = Ideal drawdown / Actual drawdown

=(Pr - P'wf) / (Pr - Pwf) ---(1)
Where,
P'wf = Pwf + (DP)skin
Pwf
Pr
(DP)skin defined by Van Everdingen is as below :

(DP)skin = S q / 2 kh
(DP) Skin
So, Pwf = Pwf + (DP) Skin
Contd.-----
24

PREPARATION OF FUTURE IPR -
For planning future requirement of

Artificial Lift, Surface and Downhole
equipment
25

IPR of Gas Wells
Qg = C (P2r P2f )n
C is a constant and it includes reservoir thickness,
permeability, temp., wellbore & drainage radii etc.
n depends upon turbulent flow near the well bore.
26
102
(P 2 P 2)
r
f
10
Fig. 1.4.9 : Inflow Performance Curve of a Gas Well

(in log-log graph)
27
Basics of Production Technolgy
FLOW PATTERNS
+ Multiphase Correlations
+ Usefulness of multiphase Correlations
28
MULTIPHASE FLOW
Number of flow regimes may be divided into two broad
divisions :
Where one phase is continuous.

Ex: Bubble , Spray & Froth flow.
Liquid is the continuous phase in bubble flow and gas is the
continuous phase in the other two.
Where both phases are continuous.

29
SINGLE & MULTIPHASE FLOW

SINGLE PHASE FLOW
Refers to one fluid medium only
MULTIPHASE FLOW
Refers to more than one fluid medium , for example
Oil , Water and Gas.
30
MULTIPHASE FLOW
MULTIPHASE FLOW
VERTICAL /
INCLINED FLOW
HORIZONTAL FLOW
STRATIFIED
SMOOTH
WAVY
INTERMITTENT
SLUG
ANNULAR
DISPERSED BUBBLE
ELONGATED BUBBLE
BUBBLE
SLUG
CHURN
ANNULAR
31
MULTIPHASE FLOW
HORIZONTAL FLOW
Fig2.2A
STRATIFIED SMOOTH FLOW

(LOW GAS & LIQUID RATES - PHASES SEPARATED BY GRAVITY)
STRATIFIED WAVY FLOW
Fig-2.2B
(SAME AS ABOVE WITH RELATIVELY HIGH GAS FLOW RATE)
32
MULTIPHASE FLOW
HORIZONTAL FLOW
Fig-2.2C
INTERMITTENT SLUG FLOW

(INTERMITTENT FLOW OF LIQUID AND GAS - GAS POCKETS DEVELOPES)
ELONGATED BUBBLE FLOW

(SAME AS ABOVE ; EARLIER THAN SLUG FLOW, WHEN GAS RATES ARE
Fig2.2D
LOWER)
33
MULTIPHASE FLOW
HORIZONTAL FLOW
ANNULAR FLOW
Fig-2.2E
GAS OCCUPIES CENTRAL PORTION LIKE A

CYLINDER AND LIQUID REMAINS NEAR THE
PIPEWALL; CENTRAL PORTION ENTRAINS
LIQUID DROPLETS. OCCURS AT VERY HIGH
GAS FLOW RATE.
34
MULTIPHASE FLOW
HORIZONTAL FLOW
DISPERSED BUBBLE FLOW
Fig2.2F
AT VERY HIGH LIQUID FLOW RATE, LIQUID

PHASE IS CONTINUOUS & GAS PHASE IS
DISPERSED ALL AROUND LIQUID IN THE FORM
OF DISCRETE BUBBLES.
35
MULTIPHASE FLOW
VERTICAL / INCLINED FLOW

BUBBLE FLOW
OCCURS AT RELATIVELY
LOW LIQUID RATES.
36
MULTIPHASE FLOW

SLUG FLOW
Symmetric about the pipe axis.
Gas phase -like a large bullet

shaped gas pocket with a diameter
almost equal to pipe diameter.
Gas pocket is termed

as Taylor Bubble.
37
MULTIPHASE FLOW

CHURN FLOW
Similar to slug flow, though it is
chaotic with no clear boundaries
between the two phases.
Flow pattern is characterised
by oscillatory motion.
Occurs at high flow rates; liquid
slugs become frothy.
38
MULTIPHASE FLOW

ANNULAR FLOW
Liquid film thickness is almost

uniform around pipe wall.
Characterised by a fast moving

gas core.
Liquid film is highly wavy due to

high interfacial shress.
39
MULTIPHASE FLOW
Effect of variables
Line Size
Flow Rate
Gas-Liquid Ratios
WaterCut
Viscosity
Slippage
Kinetic energy term
40
HORIZONTAL MULTIPHASE FLOW

Effect of Variables - I
Pipe Diameter Pressure loss (dP) decreases
rapidly with increase in Pipe Diameter.

Flow Rate Higher flow rate increases dP
GLR Increased GLR increases friction,
hence more dP, unlike to vertical flow.
41

Effect of Variables - II
Viscosity Viscous crude offers more
problem in horizontal flow mode.

Water Cut Its effect is not pronounced.
Slippage Its effect is not pronounced.

Kinetic Energy For High flow rates & low
density it is considered for computation.
42
Effect of variables
Tubing Size
Flow Rate, Density
Gas-Liquid Ratio
Water Cut
Viscosity
Slippage ,Kinetic Energy term
Inclination Angle
43
VERTICAL / INCLINED MULTIPHASE

FLOW
Effect of Variables - I
Tubing Size It has pronounced effect in
deciding FBHP requirement..

Flow Rate It establishes the required
FBHP, which influences tubing size selection.

GLR Increase GLR reduces FBHP requi-
rement, after a point reversal takes place.
44
MULTIPHASE FLOW
HORIZONTAL
FLOW
FLOW
CORRELATIONS
INCLINED
FLOW
VERTICAL
FLOW
45
VERTICAL / INCLINED MULTIPHASE

FLOW
Effect of Variables - II
Density Higher density increases dP.
Viscosity Higher viscosity increases dP.

Water Cut Higher watercut increases dP.
Slippage It is observed during unstable flow region.

Kinetic Energy For High velocity & low density it is
considered for computation.
46
MULTIPHASE FLOW
VARIOUS ASSUMPSIONS TAKEN FOR
DIFFERENT CORRELATIONS :
Fluid must be free from emulsion.
Fluid must be free from scale / paraffin build up.
Mashed or kinked joints should not exist.

Flow patterns should be relatively stable.
No severe slugging should occur.

Oil should not be very viscous.
47

Lockhart & Martinelli
Andrews
et al.
Baker
CORRELATIONS
FOR
HORIZONTAL
MULTIPHASE FLOW
Eaton et al.
Beggs & Brill
Dukler
et al.
48
MULTIPHASE FLOW
Govier
& Aziz
Winkler &
Smith
Duns & Ros
Beggs &
Brill
VERTICAL FLOW
CORRELATIONS Orkiszewski
Hagedorn Brown
49
MULTIPHASE FLOW
FLANIGAN
CORRELATION
INCLINED FLOW
CORRELATIONS
BEGGS & BRILL
CORRELATION
50
Horizontal Multiphase Flow Gradient Curves

P
Decreasing GLR
Flow line
Length
Min. Gradient Curve
51
Vertical / Inclined l Multiphase Flow Gradient Curves

P
Increasing GLR
Depth
Well Depth
Min. Gradient Curve
52
Vertical Flowing Pressure Gradients

(Courtesy: The Technology of Artificial Lift Methods By K.E. Brown)
FIG. 1.4-21(a)
53
Horizontal Flowing Pressure Gradients

(Courtesy: The Technology of Artificial Lift Methods By K.E. Brown)
FIG. 1.4-21(b)
54
MULTIPHASE FLOW
USEFULNESS OF VARIOUS CORRELATIONS :
Selecting tubing sizes.
Predicting when the well will cease to flow.
Designing of artificial lift.
Determining flowing bottom hole pressures from the
wellhead pressures.
Determining the flowing bottom hole pressure, which
in turn help in determining P.I. of the well.
Predicting maximum flow rates possible.
Predicting whether the well is able to flow as per the
present & future profile.
55

Vertical/Horizontal Gas Flow
Mostly gas with little oil.
Basically flow of gas offers resistance to flow

in both vertical and horizontal conduits & in
that respect it differs from that with oil flow.

56

Assumptions
Acceleration is negligible
Flow is steady & isothermal

No work done by gas
Equations are developed, like Weymouth equation for
horizontal flow, Hagedorn & Brown for Vertical Flow.
57

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