Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reliability &
Maintainability
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
12-2
12-3
12-4
F (t ) 1 e
f (t ) e
(The exponential distribution and density function are pictured on the next
slide).
12-5
12-6
P(T t s | T t ) P(T s)
In words: the probability that an item will not fail in the next s
units of time, given it has not failed up until now (time t),
is the same as the probability that a new item will not fail
in s units of time. The item forgets the t units of time it
has been operating. This means that failures occur
completely at random.
12-7
F (t ) 1 e
12-8
12-9
W1 T1
W2 T1 T2
W3 T1 T2 T3
(Refer to the figure on the next slide).
12-10
Realization of a
Poisson Process
12-11
n 1
P(Wn t )
k 0
( t )
k!
e t ( t ) n
P( N (t ) n)
n!
12-12
FS (t ) 1 [1 F (t )]
12-13
Failures of Components in
Parallel
When N identical components are arranged in parallel
(where the system fails only when all of the
components in the system fail), the cumulative
distribution function of the time until failure of the
parallel system, FP (t), is:
FP (t ) [ F (t )]
12-14
K Out of N systems
A K out of N system is one which functions when at
least K of the components function. Suppose that R(t)
is the probability that a single component functions at
time t. Then the probability that the system functions
at time t is given by:
N!
j
N j
RK (t )
R
(
t
)
F
(
t
)
j K j !( N j )!
N
12-15
Maintenance Terminology
MTBF: Mean Time Between Failures
MTTR: Mean Time to Repair
Availability =
MTBF
____________
MTBF + MTTR
12-16
12-17
t*
2K
a
12-18
Planned Replacement
Preventive Maintenance: replace items before they
fail to avoid failure during operation.
Note: there is no advantage to replacing operating
items that fail according to an exponential
distribution, because of the memoryless property
of the exponential. Planned replacement only
makes sense for items with IFR Increasing
Failure Rate - distributions. (See Figure 12-14)
12-19
12-20
Analysis of Warranties
Warranties are a big business for most consumer
items such as home electronics, computers,
appliances, and automobiles.
Two common types of warranties are:
Free Replacement Warranty: items that fail are
replaced with new items.
Pro-rata warranty: A rebate is given
proportional to the remaining life of the failed
item.
12-21
12-22
Replacement Cycles
for Free Replacement Warranty
12-23
C1* = ( W1 + 1) K
12-24
C
*
2
KW2
1 e
W2