You are on page 1of 16

Operational Amplifier

Contents

Introduction
Basic Block Diagram
Symbol and Pin Diagram
Properties of Ideal Op-Amp
Types of Op-Amp

Introduction
The operation amplifier(Op-Amp) is a DC coupled high gain
electronic voltage amplifier with differential input and usually
single ended output.
The operational amplifier is efficient and versatile device.
The operational amplifier is used to amplify dc as well as ac
input signals and was originally designed for performing
mathematical operations.

Basic Block diagram of Op-Amp

An Op-Amp can be divided in to four main blocks

1.
2.
3.
4.

An Input Stage
Intermediate Stage
The Level Shifting Stage
An Output Stage

Note: It can be used to perform various mathematical operations


such as Addition, Subtraction, Integration, Differentiation etc.

Input stage:
The input stage consisting of "Dual Input Balanced Output
Differential Amplifier"
This stage Determines the Input Impedance of Operational
Amplifier, having two inputs Inverting and Non Inverting.
It amplifies the difference in the voltages applied and rejects
any common signal.
Intermediate Stage:
This stage also posses Two inputs but having only One
Output.
It is another differential amplifier, which is driven by the
preceding Output.
It provides additional gain to the circuit.

The Level Shifting stage:


Due to the direct coupling of the previous two stages, we can
observe a dc shift in the output of the second stage.
This dc shift is undesirable because, the output voltage swing
is limited and causes error in dc o/p signal.
So level shifter is used to shift the dc level of the o/p of the
second stage to zero volts w.r.t ground.
This stage eliminate the dc signal distortions.
The Output Stage:
This stage is output buffer.
This Stage Increases the Output voltage swing and the current
delivering capabilities.
It also essential for providing low output Impedance.

Symbol of Op-Amp
Positive voltage supply

Non-inverting input

Inverting input

Negative voltage supply

Output

The Op-Amp 741 Pin


The important pins are 2,
3 and 6 because these
represent inverting, noninverting and voltage out.

An inverting Amplifier:
In an inverting amplifier the voltage enters the 741 chip through pin 2 and
comes out of the 741 chip at pin 6. If the polarity is positive going into the
chip, it negative by the time it comes out through pin 6. The polarity has
been inverted.

Non- inverting Amplifier:


In a non-inverting amplifier the voltage enters the 741 chip through pin 3
and leaves the 741 chip through pin 6. This time if it is positive going into
the 741 then it is still positive coming out. Polarity remains the same.

Property of Ideal Op-Amp


Infinite Open-Loop Voltage Gain: Voltage gain is defined as
the ratio of output voltage to an input signal voltage, as shown
in op-amp symbol.
Infinite Slew rate. The slew rate is the maximum rate at
which the output voltage of an op-amp can change and is
measured in terms of voltage change per unit of time. Slew
rate is usually measured in the unity gain non inverting
amplifier configuration.
Zero Input Offset Current. The difference between the
currents into the two input terminals with the output held at
zero.
Zero Output Offset
Output voltage when both inputs are grounded. This offset has
a value of 0 for the ideal op-amp.

Conti
Infinite Common Mode Rejection Ratio:
In an ideal op amp, the output signal due to the common mode
input voltage is zero, but it is nonzero in a practical device.
The common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) is the measure of
the device's ability to reject common mode signals, and is
expressed as the ratio of the differential gain to the common
mode gain.
Aol
CMRR
Acm
Zero Output Impedance
Ideal op-amp acts as perfect internal voltage source with no
output impedance. This means the internal resistance is in
series with the load .This results in a decrease in the output
voltage of the load.

Conti
Input Offset Voltage. The dc voltage that must be applied at
the input terminal to force the dc output voltage to zero or
other level, if specified, given that the input signal voltage is
zero. The output of an ideal op-amp is zero when there is no
input signal applied to it.
Infinite Bandwidth
For ideal op-amps, the input signal can be amplified with
even infinitely large frequencies.
Infinite Input Impedance
The input impedance
Zin = Vin/Iin
For ideal op-amps Zin is infinite.This means that Iin is 0 (No
current flows into the inputs of the op-amp)

Types of Op-Amp
Two stage Op-Amp
Folded cascode Op-Amp
Telescopic Op-Amp

Two stage Op-Amp

ADVANTAGES:
It has high output voltage swing.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. It has a compromised frequency response.
2. This topology has high power consumption because of two stages in
it s design.

Folded cascode Op-Amp


ADVANTAGES:
1. This design has corresponding
superior frequency response than two
stage operational - amplifiers.
2. It has better high frequency Power
Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR).The
power consumption of this design is
approximately the same as that of the
two-stage design

DISADVANTAGES:
1. Folded cascode has two extra current legs, and thus for a given
settling requirement, they will double the power dissipation.
2. The folded cascode stage also has more devices, which contribute
significant input referred thermal noise to the signal.

Telescopic Op-Amp

Advantage:
1) It provides higher speed.
2) It has lower power consumption.
Disadvantage:
1) Limited output swing.
2) Shorting the input and output is difficult.

You might also like