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Contents
Introduction
Basic Block Diagram
Symbol and Pin Diagram
Properties of Ideal Op-Amp
Types of Op-Amp
Introduction
The operation amplifier(Op-Amp) is a DC coupled high gain
electronic voltage amplifier with differential input and usually
single ended output.
The operational amplifier is efficient and versatile device.
The operational amplifier is used to amplify dc as well as ac
input signals and was originally designed for performing
mathematical operations.
1.
2.
3.
4.
An Input Stage
Intermediate Stage
The Level Shifting Stage
An Output Stage
Input stage:
The input stage consisting of "Dual Input Balanced Output
Differential Amplifier"
This stage Determines the Input Impedance of Operational
Amplifier, having two inputs Inverting and Non Inverting.
It amplifies the difference in the voltages applied and rejects
any common signal.
Intermediate Stage:
This stage also posses Two inputs but having only One
Output.
It is another differential amplifier, which is driven by the
preceding Output.
It provides additional gain to the circuit.
Symbol of Op-Amp
Positive voltage supply
Non-inverting input
Inverting input
Output
An inverting Amplifier:
In an inverting amplifier the voltage enters the 741 chip through pin 2 and
comes out of the 741 chip at pin 6. If the polarity is positive going into the
chip, it negative by the time it comes out through pin 6. The polarity has
been inverted.
Conti
Infinite Common Mode Rejection Ratio:
In an ideal op amp, the output signal due to the common mode
input voltage is zero, but it is nonzero in a practical device.
The common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) is the measure of
the device's ability to reject common mode signals, and is
expressed as the ratio of the differential gain to the common
mode gain.
Aol
CMRR
Acm
Zero Output Impedance
Ideal op-amp acts as perfect internal voltage source with no
output impedance. This means the internal resistance is in
series with the load .This results in a decrease in the output
voltage of the load.
Conti
Input Offset Voltage. The dc voltage that must be applied at
the input terminal to force the dc output voltage to zero or
other level, if specified, given that the input signal voltage is
zero. The output of an ideal op-amp is zero when there is no
input signal applied to it.
Infinite Bandwidth
For ideal op-amps, the input signal can be amplified with
even infinitely large frequencies.
Infinite Input Impedance
The input impedance
Zin = Vin/Iin
For ideal op-amps Zin is infinite.This means that Iin is 0 (No
current flows into the inputs of the op-amp)
Types of Op-Amp
Two stage Op-Amp
Folded cascode Op-Amp
Telescopic Op-Amp
ADVANTAGES:
It has high output voltage swing.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. It has a compromised frequency response.
2. This topology has high power consumption because of two stages in
it s design.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Folded cascode has two extra current legs, and thus for a given
settling requirement, they will double the power dissipation.
2. The folded cascode stage also has more devices, which contribute
significant input referred thermal noise to the signal.
Telescopic Op-Amp
Advantage:
1) It provides higher speed.
2) It has lower power consumption.
Disadvantage:
1) Limited output swing.
2) Shorting the input and output is difficult.