LTE Basics - 20120718 - A - 1.0

Security Level: Internal
Training Material of
LTE Basics
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
Training Objectives
Understanding the LTE architecture(focusing on the E-UTRAN side) and the

structure and function of the LTE protocol stack: RRC/L2/physical layer
Understanding OFDM, the key technology of LTE, and the LTE physical layer
structure: features of OFDM, mapping relationship of physical channels, cell
search, and random access
Understanding the function of LTE protocol stack L2 and the principle and
procedure of the L2 core scheduling algorithm
Mastering the quick calculation of peak throughput with different bandwidths and
the throughput analysis in different scenarios
Understanding L3: not mentioned here because a specialized training on

access/handover/call drop will be held later
Huawei Confidential
Page2
Outline
LTE Architecture
E-UTRAN and SAE Architecture
E-UTRAN Protocol Stack Structure
LTE Physical Layer
Introduction to OFDM
Concept of LTE Physical Layer
Introduction to LTE L2
Introduction to Downlink and Uplink Scheduling Algorithms
Downlink and Uplink Scheduling Procedures
Throughput Calculation
Introduction to LTE L3 and Its Service Procedure
Huawei Confidential
Page 3
LTE Architecture: Logical Architecture of E-UTRAN
Flat architecture: The biggest change of the evolved access network architecture is that the RNC is removed and its function is
performed by the eNodeB.
The network only transmits PS services and voice services are transmitted by using VoIP (inter-RAT operation is allowed, such as
CSFB).
S1 interface: It is the interface between eNodeB and SAE Gateway/MME, including the control plane and the user plane interface.
X2 interface: It is the interface between eNodeBs, including the control plane and the user plane interface, performing the functions of
mobility and part of radio resource management.
LTE-Uu interface: It is the air interface between eNodeB and UE, including the control plane and the user plane interface.
Itf-S interface: It is the network management interface between eNodeB and EMS.
Huawei Confidential
Page 4
LTE Architecture: SAE Architecture
The control plane and the user plane are separate. The MME functions as a single node and the GW is divided
into a serving GW and a PDN GW. The two GWs can be deployed together to optimize the architecture.
The S1 interface uses GPRS Tunneling Protocol-User plane (GTP-U). The QoS architecture remains unchanged,
that is, different bearers use different tunnels (the LTE uses an end-to-end QoS mechanism.).
The interface between the MME and Serving GW is standardized. MME and Serving GW can be deployed as one
physical node or separate physical nodes.
The S5 can use two protocols: GTP or PMIP.
The S3, S4 and S11 interfaces use GTP.
Huawei Confidential
Page 5
LTE Protocol StackS1 Interface
S1AP: The S1 Application Protocol is the application layer protocol between eNodeB and MME.
SCTP: The Stream Control Transmission Protocol ensures the delivery of signaling messages on the
S1 interface between the MME and the eNodeB. For details about SCTP, see RFC2960.
GTP-U: The GPRS Tunneling ProtocolUser plane is used for user data transmission between the
eNdoeB and S-GW.
UDP: User Datagram Protocol is used for the user data transmission. For details about UDP, see RFC
768.
The data link layer can use layer 2 technologies, such as PPP and Ethernet.
Huawei Confidential
Page 6
LTE Protocol StackX2 Interface
The X2 interface is also divided into the user plane (X2-U) and control plane (X2-C). The X2-U
interface is required to be the same as the S1-U, and the X2-C is required to be the same as S1-C.
The X2 interface data link layer can use layer 2 technologies, such as PPP and Ethernet.
Huawei Confidential
Page 7
LTE Protocol StackUu Interface

L3 & NAS
L2
L1
User Plane
RRC protocol layer
A UE has 2 RRC states.
PDCP protocol layer

RLC protocol layer
MAC protocol layer
PHY protocol layer
Control Plane
RRC_IDLE: A UE is in RRC_IDLE state when the UE does not have an
RRC connection.
DRX can be used for the UE to save the UE power.
The UE monitors the paging channel.
The UE measures the neighboring cell and reselects a cell.
The UE gets system information.
The UE updates TAU periodically.
Introduced
later
RRC_CONNECTED: A UE is in RRC_CONNECTED state when at least

one RRC connection is established for the UE.
The UE manages the mobility.
The UE transmits downlink and uplink data.
The UE provides channel quality and feedback information.
The UE supports DRX configuration to save the UE power.
Huawei Confidential
Page 8
Outline
LTE Architecture
LTE Physical Layer
Key Technology of LTE: Introduction to OFDM
Huawei Confidential
Page 9
LTE Physical Layer
OFDM
Huawei Confidential
Page 10
The Reason for Using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

Main Motivation: to Increase Spectral Efficiency
The data transmission rate in the communications system becomes higher and higher.
The higher-rate data transmission leads to a shorter transmission period of each bit.
The multipath effect exists in the radio communications system. So if the bit period is shortened, the interbit interference is strengthened, which results in performance deterioration.
If the communications system uses parallel transmission, multiple bits are sent simultaneously. So if the
overall data transmission rate remains unchanged, the period of each bit is increased dramatically.
OFDM achieves parallel transmission by using orthogonal subcarrier group to strengthen the robustness
against inter-bit interference.
Core Principle
OFDM transforms serial transmission into parallel transmission to get multiple parallel data streams and
modulate data to orthogonal subcarriers.
Advantages of the Technology
High spectral efficiency

Resistance to multipath interference
Resistance to frequency-selective fading
Simple channel estimation and equalization
Huawei Confidential
Page 11
Feature of OFDM: Multi-carrier
OFDM is a type of multi-carrier

modulation, with small spacings
between carriers: delta-f=15 KHz
OFDM subcarriers
Huawei Confidential
Page 12
Advantages of OFDM: High Spectral Efficiency

High Spectral Efficiency
The following figures show the spectrum of single-carrier and multi-carrier systems. Compared with classical multicarrier systems, OFDM needs less guardbands to protect subcarriers. So the spectral efficiency is increased.
The subcarriers in the OFDM system are overlapped and orthogonal. The spectrum of each subcarrier is a SINC
function. Zero appears periodically in the function with the subcarrier spacing as its period, providing nothing at the
peak of other subcarriers. Therefore the spectral efficiency is dramatically increased.
140
120
Linear Amplitude
100
80
60
40
20
0
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
Huawei Confidential
Page 13
Advantages of OFDM: Resistance to Multipath Interference

Resistance to Multipath Interference
If the transmission rate remains unchanged, parallel transmission makes the transmission period of each bit increase
several times. So the multipath interference is reduced.
A guard interval is inserted in front of or behind each OFDM symbol to further reduce the inter-symbol interference
caused by multipath delay. If the length of guard interval is greater than the biggest multipath delay, the inter-symbol
interference is completely avoided.
In the receiver
window, the
multipath
interference of
the signal in blue
can be reduced.
The signal in red
is longer than the
guard CP, so the
multipath
interference
exists.
Huawei Confidential
Page 14
Advantages of OFDM: Resistance to Frequency-Selective Fading

Resistance to Frequency-Selective Fading
The following figure shows the frequency-selective fading features of the multipath radio channel. The fading is caused by multipath.
The OFDM system is resistant to frequency-selective fading by using dynamic subcarrier allocation. No data is transmitted on fading
subcarriers or low-level modulation scheme is used. (advantages and disadvantages of the measuring/scheduling algorithm of
different manufacturers)
10
F requenc y S lec tive F ading
Channel fading
for user A is
bigger than user
B. The spectral
resources can
be allocated to
user B.
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
100
200
300
Frequency
400
Huawei Confidential
500
600
Page 15
Waveform of OFDM Signals in Frequency and Time

Features of OFDM Signals in Frequency and Time
The smallest granularity in the time domain is the symbol.
The smallest granularity in the frequency domain is the subcarrier.
Huawei Confidential
The LTE frame structure is

based on symbols and
subcarriers.
Page 16
Outline
LTE Architecture
Key Technology of LTE
Key technology of LTE: Introduction to OFDM
Introduction to LTE Power Calculation
Huawei Confidential
Page 17
LTE Frame Structure: Focus on FDD

Focus on FDD Frame Structure
A radio frame is 10 ms long and consists of 10 subframes in both downlink and uplink in FDD system.
A subframe is 1 ms long and is the smallest transmission time interval (TTI) in scheduling algorithm.
A slot is 0.5 ms long and is generally mentioned in frequency hopping.
Frame structure type 1 for FDD
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts=10 ms

One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms
#0
#1
#2
#3
#18
One subframe
Huawei Confidential
Page 18
#19
FDD LTE Frame Structure: the Smallest Resource Unit (RE)

Focus on FDD Frame Structure
1 RE = 1 symbol 1 subcarrier (See waveform of OFDM signals in frequency and time.)
1 PRB = 1 slot 12 subcarriers
One PRB occupies 0.5 ms in the time domain.
The general definition of RB is 1 RB = 2 slots 12 subcarriers. If we do not take frequency hopping into
consideration, slot 0 and slot 1 are allocated together, generally 1 RB = 1 PRB pair. Usually, the difference
between PRB and RB in the time domain is ignored.
The following table shows the number of symbols in 1 slot. It is related to the CP length and is configured by the cell.
Configuration
1slot
N symb
N scRB
f 15 kHz
12
Normal Cyclic Prefix

Extended Cyclic Prefix
12
Frame
Structure
Type 1
Frame
Structure
Type 2
Extended CP is generally used in cells with extended coverage.

Huawei Confidential
Page 19
FDD LTE Frame Structure: the Smallest Resource Unit (RE)
Huawei Confidential
Page 20
LTE Physical Layer
Major Physical Channels
Huawei Confidential
Page 21
LTE Physical Channels

Physical channels are divided into uplink and downlink physical channels.
Downlink physical channels include:
PDSCH: physical downlink shared channel
PDCCH: physical downlink control channel
PBCH: physical broadcast channel
PHICH: physical hybrid ARQ indicator channel
PCFICH: physical control format indicator channel
Uplink physical channels include:
PRACH: physical random access channel

PUSCH: physical uplink shared channel
PUCCH: physical uplink control channel
Logical channels indicate the

type of information
transferred.
Transport channels describe
what typical configuration the
physical layer uses to provide
transport services on the air
interface.
Physical channels describe
the physical features of
signals, such as coding and
modulation.
Huawei Confidential
Page 22
Introduction to Main LTE Physical Channels
Uplink physical channels include:
PRACH PRACH: physical random access channel. This channel transmits uplink random access preambles.
PUSCH: physical uplink shared channel. This channel transmits user data.
PUCCH PPUCCH: physical uplink control channel. This channel transmits information about downlink data
demodulation performance (ACK/NACK), channel quality
measurement results and scheduling requests.
Amplification
of 1 RB
PUCCH locates on the two sides of the frequency and is allocated by

means of frequency hopping. It is related to the number of users in the
cell (the larger the number is, the more the feedback information is). It
expands dynamically, but the biggest PUCCH number is limited by the
product specification.
The protocol does not define the location of PRACH. Currently Huawei
locates it based on the biggest PUCCH to avoid frequency-domain
interference. PRACH can be configured by using MML, but it cannot be
in conflict with PUCCH.
The remaining resources can all be used as PUSCH.
PUSCH transmits uplink data and is modulated at the UE side. It needs
to meet the demand of single-carrier, that is, the PUSCH RBs allocated
to a user must be continuous in the frequency domain (RBs on two sides
of PRACH cannot be allocated to the same user). The number of RBs
allocated at the same time must be 2 x3y5z. (If 2, 3, and 5 are used as the
base numbers, the FFT efficiency is the highest.)
Huawei Confidential
Page 23
Downlink physical channels include:

PDSCH: physical downlink shared channel, transmits user data.
PDCCH: physical downlink control channel, indicates user scheduling information (uplink and
downlink).
The eNodeB controls the time to schdule UEs, the RB allocation, and the MCS selection.
The eNodeB informs the UE of the previous information on the PDCCH.
PBCH: physical broadcast channel, broadcasts system information.

The location is defined by the protocol, which is known to both the UE and eNodeB.
PHICH: physical HARQ indicator channel, indicates the demodulation status on the PUSCH
(ACK/NACK).
Uplink data is sent by the UE and demodulated by the eNodeB. If an error has occurred in data
transmission, the eNodeB needs to provide a feedback on the error.
After the UE receives ACK/NACK, it uses the feedback information to further estimate the
channel quality.
The eNodeB sends ACK/NACK to the UE on the PHICH.
PCFICH: physical control format indicator channel, indicates the number of symbols PDCCH
resources occupy in the time domain.
PDCCH occupies all the resources in the frequency domain.
PCFICH is always at the first symbol in the time domain, occupying some of the REs of the first
symbol.
Huawei Confidential
Page 24
Amplification of 1
RB
Every RB has sounding reference signal REs (the figure

shows the port 0 of 2T antenna). Features of SRS REs
include:
1. The number of SRS REs is related to the number of
antennas. For details, see section 6.10 in 3GPP TS 36.211.
2. In terms of signal features, SRS REs are related to PCI.
The SRS is unique to each cell to ensure that the SRS signals
can be demodulated separately in different cells.
3. The power of SRS is configured by using MML and
broadcast in system information.
4. The SRS location is also related to PCI (the location in the
frequency domain is PCI mod 6).
5. SRSs are used to estimate and measure the downlink
channel quality.
Control channels include PCFICH (at the first symbol),
PHICH, and PDCCH. The number of symbols occupied
by control channels is changeable (14). Four is only
suitable for small bandwidths such as 3 MHz, 1.4 MHz.
Note: the figure shows subframe 0. Subframe 5 has

synchronization channels but no broadcast channels. The other
subframes have neither synchronization channels nor
broadcast channels.
Huawei Confidential
Page 25
Application of LTE Physical Channels

As an example, the applications of the channels in a complete network access procedure are as follows:
The UE obtains the PCI and gets synchronized with the eNodeB in the downlink on the P-SCH and S-SCH. The downlink
synchronization includes frame synchronization and symbol synchronization.
The UE gets system information (SIB1) on the PBCH. MIB and SIB1 are always scheduled on the PBCH and other SIBs are
dynamically scheduled on PDSCHs.
Periods and listening windows of other SIBs are broadcast in SIB1. After the UE receives SIB1, it knows the other SIBs to be
received later.
The UE initiates the random access on the PRACH and gets synchronized with the eNodeB in the uplink.
After random access, the UE requests uplink scheduling on the PUCCH.
If there is uplink or downlink data to be transmitted, the UE needs to listen to the PDCCH to get information about the PUSCH and
PDSCH. Then, the UE sends data on the PUSCH and receives data on the PDSCH.
Note: It is just a schematic figure,

not defining the sequence.
Huawei Confidential
Page 26
LTE Physical Layer
Cell Search and Random Access
Huawei Confidential
Page 27
Synchronization Channel: Cell Search and Downlink Synchronization

Primary-synchronization channel (P-SCH) and secondary-synchronization channel (S-SCH)
In the frequency domain: The primary synchronization signal (PSS) and secondary
synchronization signal (SSS) are transmitted in the central six RBs, regardless of cell
bandwidth. The sequence length in actual mapping is 63. The remaining subcarriers are used for
protection.
In the time domain: The period is 5 ms.
P-SCH: The PSS is mapped to the last OFDM symbol of slot 0 and slot 10.
S-SCH: The SSS is mapped to the last but one OFDM symbol of slot 0 and slot
10.
504 physical cell IDs (PCIs) are divided into 168 groups. Each group has three PCIs.
A one-to-one relationship exists between the SSS and each PCI group. So does the PSS and each PCI in
the group.
The UE gets synchronized in the time domain and frequency domain with the network and obtains the PCI
by detecting synchronization channels. (PCI = Group ID 3 + Cell Id in group)
Reference Signal
Slot
The UE obtains the cell RSRP by measuring downlink reference signals.

Slot
PCFICH
PHICH
PBCH
PSS
SSS
PDCCH
Huawei Confidential
Page 28
Broadcast Channel: PBCH and System Information Acquisitio

System information scheduling
MIB: The scheduling period is 40 ms. The MIB is resent every 10 ms at subframe 0.
SIB1: The scheduling period is 80 ms. The SIB1 is resent every 20 ms at subframe 5.
Other SIBs: The scheduling period depends on SIBx period(x=2,38) and the scheduling period is
broadcast in SIB1.
SIBs with the same scheduling period can be sent in the same SI. Each SI window can send only one
SI. SI can be resent for multiple times in the SI window to improve reliability.
20 ms
80 ms
MIB
SI1 period = 80 ms
SI2 period = 80 ms
SI3 period = 160 ms
SI Window = 20 ms
SIB1
SI1
SI2
SI3
SI1
SI2
Slot
Slot
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
PBCH
PSS
SSS
Huawei Confidential
Page 29
Contents of System Information
MIB: An MIB contains SFN (8 bits), cell bandwidth, and PHICH configuration
parameters.
SIB1: PLMN ID, Cell ID, TAC, Cell barred, cell selection parameters, SI scheduling
information
SIB2: Access parameters, UE timer and common channel parameter configuration

(RACH, PRACH, BCCH, PCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PUSCH, SRS)
SIB3: cell reselection information
SIB4: intra-frequency neighboring cell information
SIB5: inter-frequency neighboring cell information
SIB6: UMTS neighboring cell information
SIB7: GSM neighboring cell information
SIB8: CDMA neighboring cell information
Huawei Confidential
The first three are

key SIBs.
Page 30
PRACH Time-and-Frequency Resources
PRACH
configuration
The CP length varies with the

cell radius. For details, see
3GPP TS 36.211.
PRACH configuration principle
The period and preamble format of PRACH resources depend on

cell radius and bandwidth.
The configuration compromises between PRACH resources and
access delay and handover delay.
System frame
number
Even
Even
Even
Any
Any
Any
Any
1, 6
Any
2 ,7
Any
3, 8
Any
1, 4, 7
10
Any
2, 5, 8
11
Any
3, 6, 9
12
Any
0, 2, 4, 6, 8
13
Any
1, 3, 5, 7, 9
14
Any
0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9
15
Even
Configurations that Huawei support:
Preamble format: 0-3 (The CP length varies with the cell radius.)
PRACH period: 10 ms, 5 ms (Different bandwidths have different
default configurations. For example, the PRACH period for the 20
MHz bandwidth is 5 ms and that for the 10 MHz bandwidth is 10
ms.)
Random access procedure: contention-based (handover,
resynchronization initiated by eNodeB), contention-free
Subframe
number
Time resources
(The subframe configuration in every radio frame for
random access is automatically calculated by the eNodeB
based on the cell bandwidth.)
Huawei Confidential
Page 31
PRACH: Random Access

Purpose:
A user accesses the network and acquires a UE ID used by the eNodeB to identify the UE.
The UE is time-synchronized in the uplink.
Procedure:
The eNodeB detects the random access preamble sent from the UE.
Based on the selection of preamble, the access comes in two forms: contention-free and contention-based.
In contention-free random access, preamble is allocated by the network. In contention-based random access, it is
chosen randomly by the UE.
In contention-free random access, the network ensures that no random access collision exists in a period of time. In
contention-based random access, the risk of collision exists and the eNodeB needs to provide a contention resolution.
Random Access Scenarios

Initial access: The UE is not timesynchronized yet and no information
about the UE exists in the network,
for example, when the UE is just
switched on. The UE must be timeand-frequency synchronized before
sending any data.
The UE
sends a
TMSI.
Handover between cells
The UE is out of synchronization in

the uplink.
An error has occurred in the

downlink and the UE re-establishes
the link.
The UE determines
whether it is chosen
based on its own TMSI.
The eNodeB
transmits the
TMSI to the
UEs.
Huawei Confidential
If two UEs send their TMSIs

simultaneously, the eNodeB
needs to choose a UE to
connect.
Page 32
Uplink Synchronization in Random Access
Uplink synchronization means the time when data reaches the eNodeB is the same as that when the eNodeB
receives it.
LTE uses orthogonal subcarriers. If UE 1 and UE 2 are not time-synchronized with the eNodeB, interference
exists.
Uplink time deviation exists because of transmission latency. The distances between the UEs and the eNodeB are
different.
Resolutions:
Generally, the eNodeB obtains the timing information by detecting the uplink reference signal (periodic SRS or
DMRS) sent by the UE in the uplink.
The eNodeB transmits the TA (Time Alignment) to the UE on the PDSCH.
In random access, the eNodeB obtains the uplink timing information by measuring preamble signals.
In random access, the eNodeB sends the uplink timing information to the UE on the RAR channel.
The eNodeB and UE maintain the same timer to update TA to ensure that the UE keeps uplink synchronized when
it is in the connected state.
Huawei Confidential
Page 33
Outline
LTE Architecture
Introduction to LTE Power Calculation
Huawei Confidential
Page 34
Power of Symbol A/B and Total Power Calculation in LTE
Ri is the reference
signal (RS), used to
estimate downlink
channel quality.
R is the reference
signal, used to estimate
and measure the
downlink channel quality
of the UE.
Symbol B contains
RS.
Symbol A does
not contain RS.
Downlink RS power can be configured by using MML: PRS, PA and

PB. These parameters can be used to calculate the cell power. The
power of each RE of Symbol A and Symbol B is defined as
PPDSCH_A and PPDSCH_B.
PPDSCH_A = PRS + A (note: PA = A )
PPDSCH_A = PRS + B
The ratio between PPDSCH_B and PPDSCH_A is acquired by
checking the PB index.
There are two RS REs and eight non-RS REs in Symbol B. The
power of each RB is: 2 PRS + 8 PPDSCH_B
There are no RS RE and 12 non-RS REs in Symbol A. The
power of each RB is: 12 PPDSCH_A
Multiply the RB power and the number of RBs and you get the
symbol power, or the cell power.
The maximum cell power is the greater one of the powers of
symbol A and symbol B.
Number of Antenna Ports: 1
Number of Antenna Ports: 1
For example, PRS = 18.2 dBm, PA = -3, PB = 1, with the

bandwidth of 20 MHz and 100 RBs,
The total power of Symbol B is calculated as follows:
18.2 - 3 + 10log(100 12) = 15.2 + 30.8 = 46dBm = 40 W
The powers of Symbol A and Symbol B are equal.
Huawei Confidential
Page 35
Outline
LTE Architecture
Concept of LTE Physical Layer: Synchronization and Random Access
Throughput Calculation and FAQ
Huawei Confidential
Page 36
Location of L2 in the LTE Protocol Stack

L3 & NAS
L2
L1
PDCP protocol layer
User Plane
Control Plane
Data transmission in the user plane, data transmission in the

control plane
Encryption and integrity protection (in the control plane)
Header compression (in the user plane)
Duplicate detection and in-sequence delivery when the RB is
mapped on AM RLC to perform handover
PDCP SN maintenance
Time-based data discarding
RLC protocol layer
MAC protocol layer
Solve the size matching problem from SDU to PDU

Support TM, UM and AM
UM and AM RLC support SDU segmentation and concatenation.
AM RLC supports ARQ.
AM RLC supports the resegmentation of RLC PDU.
AM RLC supports the re-detection of SDU.
UM and AM RLC support in-sequence delivery.
UM and AM RLC support SDU discarding based on the indication
of PDCP.
UM and AM RLC support the reestablishment of the RLC entity.
Huawei Confidential
Mapping between logical channels and transport channels

Multiplexing/demultiplexing of logical channel data in the
transport channel.
Service amount measurement
Data scheduling (between UEs and between RBs in one
UE)
HARQ
Transport format Selection
The scheduling performance depends

on the appropriate resource allocation
and MCS selection that are performed
on the MAC layer.
Page 37
LTE Scheduling Procedure-Location of MAC in L2
The main function of MAC is scheduling based on service

priorities.
Huawei Confidential
Page 38
Outline
LTE Architecture
Huawei Confidential
Page 39
LTE L2
LTE Service Processing
Huawei Confidential
Page 40
Definition of LTE Services
The service and radio bearer have a

one-to-one relationship.
The bearer information can be obtained
by checking the bearer setup signaling
on the S1 interface.
Default bearer: Initial Context Setup
Request
Dedicated bearer: E-RAB Setup
Request
Voice service (VoIP)

Guaranteed bit rate (GBR)
services use dedicated bearers.
For example, as for a 10 Mbps
GBR service based on the
UGW rules, the eNodeB should
guarantee the rate of 10 Mbit/s.
IMS is generally not used

to bear data services.
Non-GBR services have different

priorities. They generally use default
bearers, as well as dedicated bearers.
Different QCIs have different priority
factors. The priority has a positive
correlation with the number of
allocated RBs. For example, a service
with QCI 7 and a service with QCI 8
have different priorities.
Huawei Confidential
Page 41
Scheduling Algorithm
Functions of Scheduling Algorithms:
Ensure the coverage (access/call drop).

Satisfy QoS requirements by esuring fairness of the same services and differentiation of different services.
Maximize the system throughput by making full use of channel status information, that is, allocate appropriate timeand-frequency resources to users.
Algorithm
Max-C/I
Only the user with the best channel quality is scheduled by using this algorithm. Therefore it has ideal throughput but
cannot ensure fairness or satisfy QoS requirements.
Round Robin
This algorithm lays an emphasis on fairness and allocates the transmission chance to each user in turn.
PF/EPF
Proportional fair (PF) scheduling is a compromise between fairness and throughput.
Enhanced proportional fair (EPF) classifies services (not users) into GBR services and non-GBR services. One user
The scheduling
may have multiple services.
UE
UE historical
historical
scheduled
scheduled bit
bit rates
rates
The scheduling
opportunity has
a positive
correlation with
the CQI. A user
is scheduled
when the
channel quality
for the user is
the best.
UE
UE latest
latest channel
quality
quality CQI
UE
UE QOS
QOS info.:
info.: QOS
QOS
requirement
requirement on
on delay
delay
packet
packet loss
loss
AMBR
AMBR
EPF
EPF algorithm
algorithm
UE
UE Capability
Capability
Huawei Confidential
opportunity has a
negative correlation
with the amount of
historical data. This
ensures that every UE
has an opportunity to
be scheduled.
Output
scheduling
Output
scheduling
result,
sending
result,
sending
scheduling
Grant
scheduling Grant to
to
UE
UE
Page 42
Principle of the EPF Algorithm

PF is a compromise between fairness and throughput.
EPF divides services (not users) into: GBR and non-GBR. One user may have multiple services
GBR services have a higher priority to use the cell resources than non-GBR services.
As for the same non-GBR services (assume all the QCIs are nine), if there are N users in the cell, the
resources are allocated to them equally. (The number of RBs is related to the cell bandwidth. For details,
see 3GPP TS 36.211.)
As for different non-GBR services (assume QCI 6 and QCI 9 have different priorities and the priority can be
configured by using MML), the number of RBs has a positive correlation with the priority.
Pr i
It has a positive
correlation with
the CQI. A user
is scheduled
when the
channel quality
is the best.
Effi
Eff i
1
* QCI X
* QCI X
* QCI X
R(t)
Eff i * RB
RB
UE
UE historical
historical
scheduled
scheduled bit
bit rates
rates
UE
UE latest
latest channel
channel
quality
quality CQI
CQI
UE
UE QOS
QOS info.:
info.: QOS
QOS
requirement
requirement on
on delay
delay
packet
packet loss
loss
AMBR
AMBR
EPF
EPF algorithm
algorithm
The scheduling
opportunity has a
negative correlation
with the amount of
historical data. This
ensures that every UE
has an opportunity to
be scheduled.
Output
Output
sending
sending
UE
UE
UE
UE Capability
Capability
Huawei Confidential
Page 43
scheduling
scheduling result,
result,
scheduling
scheduling Grant
Grant to
to
LTE L2
Introduction to the LTE Scheduling

Procedure
Huawei Confidential
Page 44
LTE Scheduling Procedure-Downlink
Huawei Confidential
Page 45
LTE Scheduling Procedure-Downlink
The UE obtains PUCCH resources by using the reconfiguration message (L3 signaling) and use them to report
CQI/PMI/RI.
The UE obtains channel quality information (CQI/PMI/RI) by measuring downlink reference signals (RSs). The UE
measures the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and converts it into channel quality indication (CQI) by
using a UE algorithm. PMI is precoding matrix indication. RI is rank indication, indicating whether single-codeword
(diversity mode) or dual-codeword (multiplexing mode) transmission is suitable.
If there is a historical downlink scheduling, the UE needs to report the demodulation result ACK/NACK).
ACK/NACK tells the eNodeB whether data is transmitted correctly on the air interface and whether retransmission is
needed.
Block error rate is defined as follows: BLER = NACK/(ACK + NACK)
ACK/NACK also indicates the demodulation capability of a UE, and helps the eNodeB to determine whether the
current MCS is suitable.
The eNodeB selects a suitable MCS based on CQI/RI/PMI and ACK/NACK.
Based on the measurement report from the UE (CQI/PMI/RI), the eNodeB selects the multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) transmission mode in the downlink, single-codeword or dual-codeword.
The eNodeB selects the MCS based on CQI. The amount of transmitted data depends on the MCS and the number
of RBs. For details, see 3GPP TS 36.213.
The eNodeB selects a suitable MCS to make the initial BLER (IBLER) approach the target value (10%). If the IBLER
is greater than 10%, lower the MCS to make the IBLER approach the target value. If the IBLER is less than 10%, a
higher MCS is needed.
The eNodeB detects the amount of resources that can be allocated based on the scheduling algorithm.
The amount of resources refers to the number of RBs. It can be simplified as: Data volume in the buffer
area/Spectral efficiency of the MCS = Number of RBs.
The eNodeB transmits the PDCCH to inform the UE of the amount and location of the allocated resources and
MCS.
The UE monitors the PDCCH. If there is a scheduling, the UE demodulates the PDSCH data at the required position
based on the PDCCH message and completes a downlink transmission.
The PDCCH and PDSCH are sent at the same moment. With 14 symbols in 1 ms, the PDCCH is in front of the
PDSCH.
Huawei Confidential
Page 46
LTE Scheduling Procedure-Uplink
Huawei Confidential
Page 47
LTE Scheduling Procedure-Uplink
The eNodeB obtains the uplink channel quality information by measuring sounding reference signals (SRSs).
There are two kinds of reference signals.
The UE can periodically send SRS (no matter whether there is data or not).
When the UE sends data, it always sends Demodulation Reference Signals (DMRS) at the last symbol. The UE
sends DMRSs only when there is data to transmit.
Before the UE sends data for the first time, it needs to send a scheduling request (SR) on the PUCCH to tell the
eNodeB transmission is needed.
If the UE is sending data, it sends a Buffer Status Report (BSR) to tell the eNodeB about the buffer status.
The eNodeB selects the MCS based on the SINR and demodulation result.
MCS is selected based on the SINR.
If there was historical data transmission, the eNodeB calculates the BLER using the BLER=NAKC/(ACK+NACK)
formula. The BLER indicates the uplink demodulation capability.
The eNodeB adjusts the MCS to make the BLER approach the target value (10%).
The eNodeB detects the amount of resources that can be allocated based on the scheduling algorithm.
The amount of resources refers to the number of RBs. It can be simplified as follows: Data volume in the buffer
area/Spectral efficiency = Number of RBs.
The eNodeB sends the PDCCH to inform the UE of the amount and location of resources and MCS.
The UE monitors the PDCCH. If there is a scheduling, the UE sends the PUSCH data at the required position based
on the PDCCH message.
The eNodeB demodulates the PUSCH data at the position where the resources are allocated to the UE. The eNodeB
needs to tell the UE about the demodulation result to help the UE determine whether retransmission is required. The
result ACK/NACK is transmitted on the PHICH.
Huawei Confidential
Page 48
Outline
LTE Architecture
Downlink and Uplink Scheduling Procedure
Huawei Confidential
Page 49
LTE L2
LTE Throughput Calculation
Huawei Confidential
Page 50
Theoretical Calculation of LTE Throughput

The basis for LTE throughput calculation is the TBS specified in 3GPP TS 36.213. (The horizontal axis is the number
of RBs, and the vertical axis is TBS index, or MCS.) TBS indicates the amount of data that can be transmitted at a
time. (The table applies to both downlink and uplink.)
29, 30, and 31 correspond to the retransmissions of different modulation modes.
I TBS
0
91
92
93
2536
2536
2600
3368
3368
4136
94 N
95
96
97
98
99
100
2600
2664
2664
2728
2728
2728
2792
3368
3496
3496
3496
3496
3624
3624
3624
4136
4136
4264
4264
4264
4392
4392
4392
4584
5352
5352
5352
5544
5544
5544
5736
5736
5736
5736
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
19
39232
39232
40576
40576
40576
40576
42368
42368
42368
43816
20
42368
42368
43816
43816
43816
45352
45352
45352
46888
46888
21
45352
46888
46888
46888
46888
48936
48936
48936
48936
51024
22
48936
48936
51024
51024
51024
51024
52752
52752
52752
55056
23
52752
52752
52752
55056
55056
55056
55056
57336
57336
57336
24
55056
57336
57336
57336
57336
59256
59256
59256
61664
61664
25
57336
59256
59256
59256
61664
61664
61664
61664
63776
63776
26
66592
68808
68808
68808
71112
71112
71112
73712
73712
75376
PRB
MCS Index
Modulation Order
TBS Index
0
1
2
.
.
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
2
2
2
.
.
.
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
2
4
6
0
1
2
.
.
.
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
reserved
Frequently asked question: Why can

multiple MCSs correspond to the same
modulation mode (for example, QPSK) when
the number of RBs remains unchanged?
The modulation mode is related to the physical layer. The number of bits that can be transmitted on the physical layer = Modulation mode
Number of REs. As long as the number of RBs and the modulation mode remain unchanged, the number of bits also remains
unchanged. But the MCS determines how many information bits (transport block size, TBS) can be transmitted. Even though the
modulation mode remains unchanged, with different MCSs, the number of information bits may be different.
Huawei Confidential
Page 51
Theoretical LTE Throughput

It depends on cell bandwidth, MCS, MIMO mode, UE capability, and subscription information stored on the Home Subscriber Server (HSS).
1. The cell bandwidth determines the largest available frequency resources (number of RBs).
2. The MCS determines the spectral efficiency.
Cell
bandwidth
Available
RBs
Scheduling
times
The number of scheduling times is

related to the number of UEs in the
cell. If there are multiple users, the
number of scheduling times for each
user are reduced. It is also related to
the amount of data. If there is no
data, there is no scheduling.
MCS
Transport
block size
UE capability and
QoS information
MIMO
mode
Throughput
(Mbit/s)
Huawei Confidential
Page 52
UE Capability and Subscription Information

Different UEs have different capabilities. Generally, commercial UEs are of Category 3. The UE
capability limits the TBS.
DL
UE Category
Maximum number
Maximum
of DL-SCH
number of bits
transport block bits
of a DL-SCH
received within a
transport block
block transmitted
TTI
received within
within a TTI
UL
UE Category
Maximum number
Support for
of bits of an UL-
64QAM in UL
SCH transport
a TTI
Category 1
5160
No
Category 2
25456
No
Category 3
51024
No
75376
Category 4
51024
No
149776
Category 5
75376
Yes
Category 1
10296
10296
Category 2
51024
51024
Category 3
102048
75376
Category 4
150752
Category 5
299552
Querying the UE
capability on the Uu
interface
Huawei Confidential
Page 53
UE Capability and Subscription Information

According to the protocol, the total amount of data of non-GBR services cannot exceed the AMBR.
If the AMBR is too small, the peak rate is limited. Or if the AMBR is set to 0, the transmission cannot be performed.
QoS and AMBR

are queried on
the S1 interface.
Huawei Confidential
Page 54
LTE Downlink Peak Throughput Calculation

(with a Category-4/5 UE)
UE measurement: The signal quality is the best when the throughput reaches the peak. For example, the SINR measured by the UE is
greater than 30 dB and the CQI reported by the UE is 15.
The eNodeB selects the highest-level MCS based on the CQI. (The throughput reaches the peak. There is no error packet. All responses
from the UE are ACKs and the eNodeB does not lower the MCS because there is no error packet.)
Assume that the amount of data from the EPC is abundant (greater than 150 Mbit/s). Each TTI has some data to transmit. The number of
times of PDCCH scheduling is 1000.
The eNodeB estimates the number of RBs based on the amount of data. If the number of available RBs in the cell is 100 (20 MHz cell) and
they are allocated to one UE, according to 3GPP TS 36.213, the transport block size is 75,376 bit.
MIMO is used in downlink. 2T2R can transmit two codewords (RI of near-point UEs = 2, used in MIMO).
Throughput = 75,376 10,000 2 = 150 Mbit/s
The actual throughput is less than that because the system information is also scheduled dynamically on the PDSCH. The actual throughput
is approximately: 98% 150 = 147 Mbit/s.
Huawei Confidential
Page 55
LTE Downlink Peak Throughput Calculation (with a Category-3 UE)
The UE
capability
limits the
amount of
data
transmitted
at a time.
UE measurement: The signal quality is the best when the throughput reaches the peak. The SINR measured by the UE is greater
than 30 dB and the CQI reported by the UE is 15.
The eNodeB selects the highest-level MCS based on the CQI. (The throughput reaches the peak. There is no error packet. All
responses from the UE are ACKs and the eNodeB does not lower the MCS because there is no error packet.)
Assume that the amount of data from the EPC is abundant (greater than 150 Mbp/s). Each TTI has some data to transmit. The
number of PDCCH scheduling times is 1000.
The eNodeB estimates the number of RBs based on the amount of data. If the number of available RBs in the cell is 100 (20 MHz
cell) and they are allocated to one UE, according to 3GPP TS 36.213, the transport block size is 75376 bit. However the UE is of
Category 3. According to 3GPP TS 36.306, the maximum TBS the UE capacity supports is 51024 bit.
MIMO is used in downlink. 2T2R can transmit two codewords (RI of near-point UEs = 2, used in MIMO).
Throughput = 51024 10000 2 = 102 Mbit/s
Huawei Confidential
Page 56
LTE Uplink Peak Throughput Calculation

(with a Commercial Category-3 UE)
The eNodeB measures the uplink channel. The throughput reaches the peak and the channel quality is good. The highest MCS, 24,
is selected. (The commercial Category-3 UE does not support 64QAM )
The number of RBs allocated to the UE is determined by the Buffer Status Report (BSR) sent from the UE. (The UE only needs to
send a SR to tell the eNodeB a scheduling is needed before the UE sends data for the first time.) In this case, the number is 96.
(Assume the PUCCH occupies four RBs in a 20 MHz cell.) According to 3GPP TS 36.213, the TBS is 51,024 bit.
MIMO is not used in uplink. So only one codeword is transmitted.
Throughput = 51,024 10,000 = 51 Mbit/s
The actual throughput is lower than 51 Mbit/s? The PRACH occupies uplink resources, which lowers the uplink throughput.
Huawei Confidential
Page 57
FAQs in LTE Throughput Calculation
How to calculate the throughput?

The eNodeB estimates the channel quality: The uplink channel quality is determined by measuring the SINR, and the downlink channel quality is
determined by the CQI sent from the UE.
The SINR in the uplink or CQI in the downlink need to be adjusted due to the measurement inaccuracy, the difference between the channels,
and the deep fading. (The eNodeB adjusts the SINR and CQI based on ACK/NACK and the distance from the target value of BLER.) The
eNodeB selects the MCS based on the channel quality (The spectral efficiency depends on the MCS).
The eNodeB allocates the RBs based on the amount of data the UE needs to transmit.
Based on the MCS, number of RBs, and the index in 3GPP TS 36.213, the eNodeB determines the TBS. The throughput is the result of
multiplying the TBS and the number of scheduling times (based on the PDCCH indication).
Probe and other UE log tools output data every second. Theoretically, the TBS of every millisecond should be calculated and then added
together. What if it cannot be done? Actually, if the measurement is performed at a specified time point, using the average MCS and number of
RBs (scheduling times are taken into consideration) provided by Probe to calculate the throughput is also accurate. Take BLER into
consideration when calculating the actual throughput.
Is the downlink SINR related to CQI? Is the SINR measured by the UE related to the throughput?
It depends on the UE performance. Different UEs have different algorithms (the algorithms have experienced sufficient tests by using test UEs).
The protocol does not define the mapping from the unadjusted SINR to CQI.
The throughput-versus-SINR curve is different in different networks. It depends on the network interference. The curves of SINR and THP with a
large number of samples are considered as referential.
There may be much difference between the actual throughput and the calculation result by measuring SINR once. The SINR is obtained by only
measuring SRSs. SRSs may not reflect the channel quality accurately. For example, if the intra-eNodeB neighboring cell is open, the THP
decreases quickly.
A good method is to check the IBLER. If the IBLER is less than 10%, the process of the eNodeB is correct. The low throughput is caused by the
poor channel quality.
Huawei Confidential
Page 58
FAQs in LTE Throughput Calculation

What is the principle for multi-user scheduling? How to calculate the throughput?
The principle is differentiating between GBR services and non-GBR services. The GBR services are guaranteed bit rate
services and should be given a higher priority. The non-GBR services are scheduled based on the QCI priority.
Fairness between the same non-GBR services: The same number of RBs are allocated to same services. The eNodeB
estimates the number of RBs that can be allocated to each user based on the QoS information of each user and the service
distribution in the cell. If the number of RBs matches the configuration using MML, the fairness is ensured.
Differentiation for non-GBR services: The RB resources allocated to different services match the configured proportions. The
eNodeB estimates the number of RBs that can be allocated to each user based on the QoS message of each user and the
service distribution in the cell. If the number of RBs matches the configured proportion using MML, the fairness is guaranteed.
For example, the cell QCI is configured as follows
Assume two UEs access the cell.
UE 1 has two services, QCI 6 and QCI 9. UE 2 has one service with QCI 9.
With the bandwidth of 20 MHz, 98 RBs are available because the system information occupies some RBs.
QCI 6 weight : QCI 9 weight = 1000 : 700 = 10 : 7
The theoretical number of RBs allocated to each UE is calculated as follows:
Number of RBs for UE 1: (QCI 6 + QCI 9)/(QCI 6 + QCI 9 + QCI 9) 98 = 69.4
Number of RBs for UE 2: QCI 9/(QCI 6 + QCI 9 + QCI 9) 98 = 28.6
If the number of RBs is known, the throughput can be calculated based on the MCS of the UE channel.
Switching
from multiuser to
single user
Note: The number of RBs is statistical. For example, if the number of RBs in one second is 69.4, the number of RBs allocated to
each TTI is the result 69.4 divided by the number of scheduling times.
Throughput = TBS (MCS, statistical number of RBs/scheduling times) Number of scheduling times
Huawei Confidential
Page 59
Outline
LTE Architecture
Downlink and Uplink Scheduling Procedure
Not emphasized here because many specialized lectures will be held later.
Huawei Confidential
Page 60
Introduction to LTE L3 and Interfaces

Functions of the RRC interface (signaling over the air
interface between the UE and eNodeB)
System information broadcast(important, including cell
resource management)
RRC connection management: paging,
setup/reconfiguration/release of the RRC connections
(important, including resource allocation)
AS (access layer/air interface) security management:
encryption/integrity protection configuration
Air interface bearer management: setup/reconfiguration/release
of the user
QoS parameter mapping
Radio link failure management
Measurement control and report
Handover (intra-frequency/inter-frequency/inter-RAT)
Functions of the X2 interface (signaling between

the eNodeBs)
X2 mobility management: handover signaling forwarding
over the X2 interface
Load management: signaling exchange between cells to
balance cell loads, for example, information exchange in the
inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC)
X2 interface management
Functions of S1 interface (S1 signaling between the SAE and eNodeB)
Bearer management: The MME initiates the setup, modification and release of an SAE bearer. The eNodeB can also
initiate the release of an SAE bearer.
Handover signaling forwarding over the S1 interface
Status forwarding: If in-sequence delivery and duplicate detection are supported when intra-RAT handover happens,the
PDCP SN is forwarded from the source eNodeB to the target eNodeB.
S1 paging: enabling the EPC to page a UE.
S1 interface management: This function includes S1 interface resetting (ensuring the initialization of the S1 interface)
and error indication (if no message is available for error indication, it reports/deals with the error).
Load management: This function includes overload indication (indicating the load status in the control plane of S1
interface), load balancing (ensuring the load balancing in the MME pool), and S1 setup (initializing the S1 interface and
providing configuration information).
NAS signaling transmission between the UE and MME
Releasing the UE context: This function manages the UE context release between the eNodeB and MME
Indicating UE capacity: This function provides the UE capacity information
Huawei Confidential
Page 61
Network Access Procedure for a Calling UE
Huawei Confidential
Page 62
Network Access Procedure for a Called UE
Huawei Confidential
Page 63
Thank you
www.huawei.com
Features of LTE Architecture

Flat, less NEs and layers
In terms of the access network, the number of NEs is reduced, with all the functions concentrated on the eNodeB.
In terms of the EPC, the MME performs mobility management and the user plane entity (UPE) performs data
management in the user plane.
Spectral efficiency is increased due to the broadband
E-UTRAN uses OFDM in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink. Compared with single carrier systems, multicarrier
technology has a higher spectral efficiency because multiple users occupy orthogonal subcarriers and guard-bands are
not needed.
The multi-antenna technique can improve the system performance. Parallel transmission in the downlink is
possible due to the MIMO spatial multiplexing.
Application of LTE
Physical layer and scheduling: OFDM, SC-FDMA, MIMO, HARQ, and scheduling algorithms can improve the sensitivity of
a receiver and the capacity and coverage area of a system.
Compared with WCDMA, the bandwidth and spectral efficiency of LTE is increased and the platform techniques are
increased.
Operators may have multiple networks when deploying E-UTRAN in the future. Then a question arises that how to deploy
E-UTRAN with multiple modes and multi-carriers: The solution lies in idle mode management and mobility management
in connected mode, for example, camping and reselection principle, handover principle, and load balance principle.
LTE has the self-organizing network (SON) function. SON can perform automatic configuration and optimization. For
example, neighboring relationship management, automatic handover optimization and load optimization....
Huawei Confidential
Page 65
Core of OFDM: Analog Baseband Realization (For Reference)

Core Principle
The OFDM transforms serial transmission into parallel transmission to get multiple parallel data
streams and modulates data to orthogonal subcarriers. The spectra of subcarriers overlap.
Features of baseband signals

The following formula represents a transmit signal.
N 1
X (t ) (an cos nt bn sin nt )

n 0
When the signals are demodulated at the receiving side, the orthogonality of subcarriers are
guaranteed according to the following formulas.
1 T0 Ts
cos(2f i t ) sin( 2f j t )dt 0, i, j
T
0
Ts
1 T0 Ts
cos(2f i t ) cos(2f j t )dt 0, i j
Ts T0
Note: They are baseband signals, not modulated to the RF signals yet.
Huawei Confidential
Page 66
Core of OFDM: Digital Baseband (For Reference)

Core Principle
streams and modulates data to orthogonal subcarriers. The spectra of subcarriers are overlapped.
Digital Signal Realization

The following formula represents that sending signals are transformed into real numbers and
modulated to complex carriers.
N 1
X ( t ) ( a n cos n t bn sin n t )
n 0
N 1
Re ( a n jbn ) exp( j n t )
n 0
The following formula represents that the sending signals are sampled based on Ts/N.
N 1
n mTs
)
T
N
n 0
s
N 1
mn
( an jbn ) exp( j 2
)
N
n0
(an jbn ) exp( j 2
X (m) Re
Re
It becomes
IFFT format
after
conversion.
Re IDFT ( Z n )
Note: Digital baseband signals are mentioned here. We can perform the quick calculation by using
digits to realize the OFDM.
Huawei Confidential
Page 67
OFDM: Figure of Digital Baseband Realization (For Reference)

Core Principle
The OFDM transforms serial transmission into parallel transmission to get multiple parallel data streams and
modulates data to orthogonal subcarriers. The spectra of subcarriers are overlapped.
The following figure shows the process of superposing subcarriers using IFFT at the transmit side in an OFDM system:
According to the previous formulas, the result of IFFT of transmit sequence is just the data sampling sequence
when the analog baseband is realized and multicarriers are superposed. After D/A conversion, the analog baseband
transmit signals can be obtained.
Demodulation is a procedure in a reverse direction.
sn , 0
sn , 0
e j 0 t
sn , N 1
IDFT P/S
sn, N 1
e j N 1t
Huawei Confidential
Page 68
D/A
OFDM: Figure of Digital Baseband Realization (For Reference)

Core Principle
The following figure shows the rough process from data transmission to data demodulation.
Demodulation is a reverse process of modulation and can be deduced based on the same method (FFT).
s(t)
S/P
IFFT
Add
Cyclic
Prefix
P/S
Tx. filter: G T(w)
Transmitter
Channel: H(w)
Channel
n(t)
Receiver
r(t)
P/S
FFT
Remove
Cyclic
Prefix
Huawei Confidential
S/P
Rx. filter: G T(w)
Page 69
OFDM: Waveform of Signals in Frequency and Time

(For Reference)
Core Principle
Signals in the time domain: Multiple carrier signals overlap in the time domain.
Spectrum: Spectral intervals are the same and they overlap.
Huawei Confidential
Page 70
Relationship Between the Protocols in the Physical Layer
Huawei Confidential
Page 71
LTE Scheduling Process - Resource Allocation on the PDCCH

The PDCCH indicates the downlink scheduling information, RB resources and MCS.
The PDCCH actually indicates the PDSCH or PUSCH resource information and MCS.
No other channels are used to indicate the PDCCH resource information for a UE.
How does the UE get to know its PDCCH resource information? Blind demodulation
Indications seem
to be endless?
PDCCH has to
perform blind
demodulation.
Conditions of blind demodulation: The UE attempts to decode its PDCCH message on the PDCCH (the maximum
number of blind decoding attempts is 44).
1 CCE
=9REG
=36RE
We consider the
CCE as logical
resources and do
not discuss the
mapping from the
CCE to RE.
Features of PDCCH:
PDCCH occupies all the resources in the cell in the frequency domain. In the time domain, it occupies 1 to 3 (large bandwidth) or
2 to 4 (small bandwidth, 1.4 MHz) symbols.
The granularity of PDCCH resource allocation is CCE. Only 1, 2, 4, or 8 CCEs can be allocated to PDCCH.
Huawei Confidential
Page 72
LTE Scheduling Procedure - Blind Demodulation of PDCCH

The
Physical
resources
are limited.
Blind demodulation of PDCCH
number of
attempts is
limited.
The aggregation level of the UE is limited (only 1, 2, 4, or 8 according to the protocol).
According to the protocol, the number of demodulation times (or possible resource starting positions) is limited.
PDCCH resources are physical resources (CCE or RE resources) and they bear digital information (bit stream
or DCI). The UE can know its RB resources and MCS only by reading the digital information on the PDCCH.
The bit streams are unchangeable according to the protocol.
What does the bit information of DCI contain? (DCI

2A is used as an example.)
Field
Number of Bits
Resource allocation: type 0 or type 1
1/0
Resource allocation indication:

RGB allocation of type 0 or RGB subset
allocation of type 1. RBG subset is left
justified or right justified in type 1.
HARQ process
TPC command, controlled by the PUCCH
Allocation granularity of CCE resources
Bearer
information
streams are
unchangeable.
Remark
DAI
TDD parameters
Codeword exchange information in dual1
codeword transmission
MCS
NDI
Redundancy version
Precoding information (only for 4
antennas)
Same for
the two
codewords
bit2
0 (2 antennas)
Public space is
the PDCCH that needs to be
monitored by a type of UEs. The UEs
receive RAR and information about
dynamic scheduling of SI and paging
messages. The aggregation level is
limited to 4 or 8.
Huawei Confidential
Page 73
UE-specific space is
the PDCCH that needs to be
monitored by one UE, such as
downlink and uplink scheduling
information.
LTE Scheduling Procedure - Procedure of PDCCH Blind Demodulation

Procedure of blind demodulation: multiple attempts
The actual procedure depends on the UE performance. For example, the UE may demodulate the PDCCH resources fast based on the
historical information to save the power .
One type of
UEs need
to monitor
the space
to save
power.
If the CCE
aggregation level
is 4 and the
system
information has
been decoded, no
more attempt is
needed.
One UE
needs to
monitor the
space to
save the
power.
If the CCE
aggregation level
is 4, there are two
formats: DCI 1A
and DCI 1C. Both
formats need to
be included in the
attempts.
If the CCE
aggregation
level is 1 and
the downlink
scheduling
indication has
been
decoded, no
more attempt
is required.
Huawei Confidential
Blind
decoding
may also
be needed
in the
uplink.
Page 74
LTE Scheduling - HARQ Retransmission Procedure

The purpose of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) is to ensure the correct data transmission in L1. ACK/NACK
determines whether retransmission is required.
Forward error correction (Redundant bits are added in the procedure of encoding.)
Combination of initally transmitted data and retransmitted data (If the information is not demodulated after one attempt, more bits are
transmitted. The demodulation may be successful when initially transmitted data and retransmitted data are combined together.)
Features of LTE HARQ:

N-channel stop and wait (N = 8)
The unit of initial transmission and retransmission is TB. (The size of TBs and amount of information in initial transmission and
retransmission are the same. But the bit streams may be different.)
Asynchronous adaptive HARQ is used in the downlink.
The UE sends ACK/NACK on the PUCCH or PUSCH. ACK indicates retransmission is not needed and NACK indicates
retransmission is needed.
The initial transmission/retransmission HARQ process number must be indicated. Retransmission must use PDCCH scheduling.
Same or different bit streams can be transmitted at a time (version number). There are four version numbers in LTE system but they
have the same amount of information.
In the uplink
The higher layer configures the maximum number of retransmissions for each UE.
The eNodeB sends ACK/NACK to the UE on the PHICH. ACK indicates retransmission is not required and NACK indicates
retransmission is required.
There are two modes of HARQ: non-adaptive (The eNodeB does not need to send PDCCH to UE. It only sends NACK to UE and UE
retransmits the data at the initial transmission position by default.) and adaptive. (The eNodeB needs to send PDCCH to UE. The
position of retransmission may be different from the initial one.)
Huawei Confidential
Page 75
Stop-And-Wait HARQ
If N is 1, it
takes a lot
of time to
wait.
NAC
K
Retransmission
By using N-channel
stop and wait, more
information is
transmitted. If an error
occurred,
retransmission is
performed.
Each FDD UE has eight HARQ channels.

Generally, HARQ channel T0 transmits data.
T0+4 receives ACK/NACK and T0+8 sends
other data (or retransmits data)
.
Huawei Confidential
Page 76
Adaptive HARQ and Non-adaptive HARQ

Data is retransmitted at the
position indicated by HARQ
process ID 0 without the
indication from the eNodeB.
The eNodeB
needs to tell the
UE the HARQ
process number.
N-channel stop and wait (in the figure, N=8, T=0-7)

The unit of initial transmission and retransmission is TB. (The size of TBs and amount of information in initial transmission and
retransmission are the same. So the initial transmitted data and retransmitted data can be combined together.)
Asynchronous adaptive HARQ is used in the downlink.
The UE sends ACK/NACK on the PUCCH or PUSCH. ACK indicates retransmission is not required and NACK indicates
retransmission is required.
The eNodeB indicates initial transmission or retransmission HARQ process number. Retransmission must use PDCCH
scheduling. Same or different bit streams can be transmitted at a time (version number). There are four version numbers in
LTE system but they have the same amount of information.
Adaptive HARQ or non-adaptive HARQ can both be used in the uplink.
The higher layer configures the maximum numbers of retransmissions for each UE. The eNodeB sends ACK/NACK to the
UE on PHICH. ACK indicates retransmission is not needed and NACK indicates retransmission is needed.
Non-adaptive: The eNodeB does not need to send PDCCH to the UE. It only sends NACK to the UE and the UE
retransmits data at the initial transmission position by default after 8 TTIs.
Adaptive: The eNodeB needs to send PDCCH to the UE. The position of retransmission may be different from the initial
one.
Huawei Confidential
Page 77

LTE Basics - 20120718 - A - 1.0

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

LTE Basics - 20120718 - A - 1.0

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Security Level: Internal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Understanding the LTE architecture(focusing on the E-UTRAN side) and the

Understanding L3: not mentioned here because a specialized training on

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

E-UTRAN and SAE Architecture

E-UTRAN Protocol Stack Structure

LTE Physical Layer

Concept of LTE Physical Layer

Introduction to Downlink and Uplink Scheduling Algorithms

Downlink and Uplink Scheduling Procedures

Introduction to LTE L3 and Its Service Procedure

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

LTE Architecture: Logical Architecture of E-UTRAN

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

LTE Architecture: SAE Architecture

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

LTE Protocol StackS1 Interface

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

LTE Protocol StackX2 Interface

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

LTE Protocol StackUu Interface

RRC protocol layer

A UE has 2 RRC states.

PDCP protocol layer

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

RRC_CONNECTED: A UE is in RRC_CONNECTED state when at least

E-UTRAN and SAE Architecture

E-UTRAN Protocol Stack Structure

LTE Physical Layer

Key Technology of LTE: Introduction to OFDM

Concept of LTE Physical Layer

Introduction to Downlink and Uplink Scheduling Algorithms

Downlink and Uplink Scheduling Procedures

Introduction to LTE L3 and Its Service Procedure

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

LTE Physical Layer

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

The Reason for Using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

Advantages of the Technology

High spectral efficiency

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Feature of OFDM: Multi-carrier

OFDM is a type of multi-carrier

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Advantages of OFDM: High Spectral Efficiency

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Advantages of OFDM: Resistance to Multipath Interference

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Advantages of OFDM: Resistance to Frequency-Selective Fading

F requenc y S lec tive F ading

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Waveform of OFDM Signals in Frequency and Time

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

The LTE frame structure is

E-UTRAN and SAE Architecture

E-UTRAN Protocol Stack Structure

Key Technology of LTE

Key technology of LTE: Introduction to OFDM

Concept of LTE Physical Layer

Introduction to LTE Power Calculation

Introduction to Downlink and Uplink Scheduling Algorithms

Downlink and Uplink Scheduling Procedures