Mathematics

Introduction to Cartesian System

Session 3

Session Opener
A government program allows
people to collect empty milk
bottles and exchange them for
bottles full of milk.
Four empty bottles may be exchanged for one full
bottle. How many bottles of milk can a family drink if it
has collected 24 empty bottles?
(a) 7

(b) 6

( c) 9

(d) 8

Session Opener
(a) 7

(b) 6

( c) 9

24 empty bottles
2 empty
bottles

(d) 8

6 Milk bottles
4 empty
bottles

3 empty bottles
1 bottle (borrow)

1 Milk bottles

1 Milk bottles

Session Objectives
1. Transformation of one form
of line to other Form
2. Intersection of lines
3. Concurrency of three lines
4. Shortest distance of a point from a given line
5. Distance between two parallel lines
6. Position of a point w.r.t a given line

General Form - Equation of Line

ax by c 0

This form can be

transformed to other
standard forms to simplify
problems

General to Slope- Intercept Form

General form of equation of a line
ax+by+c = 0
On rearranging,

slope

c
a
y x
b
b

a
coeff. of x

b
coeff of y

Intercept

c
cons tan t term

b
coeff of y

Illustrative Problem :
Find the slope and y-intercept for line
given by 2x + 4y +10 = 0.
Solution :
On rearranging,

2
10
x
4
4

4y 2x 10

1
5
x
2
2

1
5
Slope
; y axis int ercept
2
2

Comparing
with
y = mx + c

General to Intercepts Form

General form of equation of a line
ax+by+c = 0
On rearranging,

x
y

1
c
c

a
b

Intercept on x axis

Put y = 0 in general
equation , Solve for x

c
a

Intercept on y axis

c
b

Illustrative Problem :
Find the x-intercept and y-intercept for
line given by 2x + 4y +10 = 0.
Find the area formed by this line and
the coordinate axis.
Solution :

2x 4y 10

x
y

1
5
5

2
5
x int ercept 5 ; y int ercept
2
2x
4y

1
10 10

Area of OAB

1
5 25
. 5 .
2
2 4

General to Normal Form

General form ax+by+c = 0

Normal form : xcos + ysin - p = 0

P
OP = p

General to Normal Form

General form ax+by+c = 0

Normal form : xcos + ysin - p = 0

a
b
c

cos sin p
2

cos

As cos sin 1

a b

b
2

a b

b2p2
2

a2 b2

c
2

cos

a2 b2

a2p2

ap
bp
; sin
c
c

a b

; sin

b
a2 b2

c is +ve

Illustrative Problem
Show that the origin is equidistant
from the lines 4x+3y+10 = 0,
5x-12y+26 = 0and 7x+24y = 50

Illustrative Problem
Show that the origin is equidistant from
the lines 4x+3y+10 = 0, 5x-12y+26 = 0
and 7x+24y = 50

Solution :
Transforming the equations to normal form, we have,
4x 3y 10
5x 12y 26
7x 24y 50

4
3
x y 2;
5
5
5
12

x
y 2;
13
13

7
24
x
y2
25
25

Length from
origin = 2 units

Class Exercise - I (8 Min.)

1.

Find the slope of line L : 5x+12y26 =

0. Convert
the given equation in to
normal form.

Find length of perpendicular and the

slope of the perpendicular.
2.

The area of triangles made by the lines L1 : 2x + 3y k = 0,

L2 : x = 0, L3 : y = 0 is 48 sq. units. The values of k could be
(a) 48

3.

(b) 24

(c) 24 (d) None of these

The straight line passing through the point of intersection of the

lines L1 : x 3y +1 = 0 and 2x + 5y 9 = 0 and having infinite
slope is
(a) y = 1
these

(b) 3x + y 1 = 0

(c) x = 4

(d) None of

Solution 1-Class Exercise - I

Find the slope of line L : 5x+12y26 = 0.
Convert the given equation in to normal
form.Find length of perpendicular from
origin and the slope of the perpendicular.

Solution :
Rearranging the given equation,

5
12
26
x
y
13
13
13

5
12

x
y2
13
13

5x +12y = 26

Divide by 52 122 13
5
12
cos
, sin
13
13

Length of perpendicular from origin = 2 units

12
tan
(Slope of perp.)
5

Solution 2 - Class Exercise - I

The area of triangles made by the lines
L1 : 2x + 3y k = 0, L2 : x = 0, L3 : y = 0
is 48 sq. units. The values of k could be
(a) 48

(b) 24

(c) 24

(d) None of these

Solution :
L2 and L3 are Y-axis and X-axis,
triangle is as
Area of ABC

1
AC BC
2

x
y
L1 :

1
k k
2 3

1 k k
48 k 24
2 3 2

L2

L1

k
3
C

k
2

L3

Solution 3 - Class Exercise - I

The straight line passing through the point of
intersection of the lines L1 : x 3y +1 = 0 and
2x + 5y 9 = 0 and having infinite slope is
(a) y = 1
(c) x = 4

(b) 3x + y 1 = 0
(d) None of these

Solution :
Slope is infinite, equation of line will be x = k
Point of intersection of L1 and L2 : (2,1)
Equation of required line is x = 2

Intersection of Two Lines

Consider two lines
a1x+b1y+c1 = 0 and
a2x+b2y+c2 = 0

Point of intersection will lie on both lines.

Let the point of intersection be P (x1, y1)
a1x1+b1y1+c1 = 0
a2x1+b2y1+c2 = 0
Solving by cross-multiplication,
b1c2 b2c1 c1a2 c2a1
P
,

a
b

a
b
a
b

a
b
2 1
1 2
2 1
1 2

No need to
memorise
Solve two
simultaneou
s equations

Illustrative Problem
Find the point of intersection
of lines x + 2y = 9 and
2x y 3 = 0.
Solution :

x+2y = 9
4x2y = 6

Solve two
simultaneous
equations

x=3,y=3

Concurrency of Three Lines

Three concurrent lines pass
through a common point.
Let the three lines be
L1 a1x+b1y+c1 = 0,
L2 a2x+b2y+c2 = 0,

L3 a3x+b3y+c3 = 0
a3

b1c2 b2c1 c1a2 c2a1

P.O.I.
,

a
b

a
b
a
b

a
b
2 1
1 2
2 1
1 2

P.O.I will satisfy L3

b1c2 b2c1
c a c2a1
b3 1 2
c3 0
a1b2 a2b1
a1b2 a2b1

a3 b1c2 b2c1 b3 c1a2 c2a1 c3 a1b2 a2b1 0

Concurrency of Three Lines

L1 a1x+b1y+c1 = 0,
L2 a2x+b2y+c2 = 0,
L3 a3x+b3y+c3 = 0

a3 b1c2 b2c1 b3 c1a2 c2a1 c3 a1b2 a2b1 0

a1 b1
a2 b2
a3 b3

c1
c2 0
c3

Illustrative Problem :
If the three lines x + y 1 = 0, y = 5
and 2x + 3y = k are concurrent, the
value of k is
(a) 1

(b) 1 (c) 0

(d) None of these

Solution :

If the lines are concurrent

1 1 1
0 1 5 0
2 3 k

1 k 15 1 10 1 2 0

k 15 10 2 0

k7

Family of Lines Passing through

Intersection of two lines
Let the to intersecting lines be
L1 a1x+b1y+c1 = 0,
L2 a2x+b2y+c2 = 0,
Family of lines passing through point of intersection of L1
and L2 is :

L1+k L2 = 0

Why ?

Problem from booklet

Concurrency of Three Lines

Alternate condition for
concurrency of three lines :
Let the three lines be
L1 a1x+b1y+c1 = 0,

L2 a2x+b2y+c2 = 0,
L3 a3x+b3y+c3 = 0
Iff there exist three non-zero constants p, q, r such that

pL1+qL2+rL3 = 0.

Illustrative Problem
If the three lines x + y 1 = 0, y = 5
and 2x + 3y = k are concurrent, the
value of k is
(a) 1

(b) 1 (c) 7

Solution :

(d) None of these

p(x+y-1) + q(y-5) + r(2x+3y-k) = 0

x(p+2r) + y(p+q+3r) - (p+5q+rk) = 0

p = -2r , p+q = -3r , p+5q = - r k

p = -2r , q = -r
7=k

-7r = -rk

Class Exercise - II ( 5 Min.)

1.

The point through which the family of

lines
(a + 2b)x + (a + 3b)y (a + b) = 0
passes for all values of a and b is

(a) (2, 1)

2.

(b) (1, 2)

(c) (2, 1)

(d) (2, 1)

Prove that all lines represented by the equation:

(2cosA+3sinA)x + (3cosA 5sinA )y = ( 5 cosA 2 sinA) pass
through a fixed point for all values of A .
Find the coordinates of fixed point.

Solution 1 - Class Exercise - II

The point through which the family of lines
(a + 2b)x + (a + 3b)y (a + b) = 0 passes
for all values of a and b is

(a) (2,1)

(b) (1,2)

Solution :

(c) (2,1)

(d) (2,1)

Rearranging the given equation

a(x + y 1) + b(2x + 3y 1) = 0
The above lines passe through the p.o.i. of the lines
x + y 1 = 0 ...(i)
2x + 3y 1 = 0
Solving (i) and (ii), we get

and
...(ii)

x = 2 and y = 1

Solution 2 - Class Exercise - II

Prove that all lines represented by the
equation: (2cosA+3sinA)x + (3cosA
5sinA )y = ( 5 cosA 2 sinA) pass
through a fixed point for all values of A .
Find the coordinates of fixed point.

Solution :

Rearranging the given equation

cosA(2x + 3y 5) + sinA(3x 5y + 2) = 0

The above lines passe through the p.o.i. of the lines

2x + 3y 5 = 0...(i) and
3x 5y + 2 = 0 ...(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get x = 1, y = 1

Distance of a point from a line

Consider line L, xcos+ysin = p
and point P (x1, y1).

Draw a Line L1 passing

through P but parallel
to L

L1 : xcos+ysin = p1

p1= x1cos+y1sin
PQ = CD = OD OC
= p1 - p
PQ = x1cos+y1sin - p

P (x1, y1)

Q
O

L1

Distance of a point from a line

Consider line L, xcos+ysin = p
and point P (x1, y1).

PQ = x1cos+y1sin - p
cos
p

PQ

a
a2 b2
c

; sin

b
a2 b2

a2 b2

a
a2 b2

x1

b
a2 b2

y1

c
a2 b2

ax1 by1 c
a2 b2

P (x1, y1)

Q
O

PQ

L1

Distance of a point from a line

Algorithm
Step I : Convert given equation to
ax+by+c = 0
Step II : Put cordinates of the given
point (x1,y1) in place of x and y.
ax1+by1+c
Step III :

ax1 by1 c

Note : Absolute value

a2 b2
Problem from booklet

Distance between Two

Parallel Lines
L1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
L2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
Distance between L1 and L 2
= OM ON

MN

L2

c2
a 22 b 22

c1
a12 b12

L1
M

B
N

Make coefficient of x as +ve.

X
O

Illustrative Problem
Find the distance between the
parallel lines 3x-4y+9 = 0 and
6x-8y-15 = 0
Solution :
Dis tance

3 2 4 2

15

6 2 8 2

9 15
Dis tance
3.3 units
5 10

Position of points relative

to a line
Let the given line be L ax+by+c = 0
Let the given points be P1 (x1, y1)
and P2 (x2, y2)
Let a point Q (x3, y3) divide line segment P1P2 in ratio m:n
mx2 nx1 my2 ny1
Q
,
m n
mn

If Q lies on L,
mx2 nx1
my2 ny1
a

b
c 0

mn
mn

Positions of Points Relative

to a Line
m ax2 by2 c n ax1 by1 c 0
ax by1 c
m

1
n
ax2 by2 c

Ratio positive
ax1+by1+c and
ax2+by2+c have opposite
signs
points are on
opposite sides of the line

P1

Q
P2

Positions of Points Relative to a

Line
m ax2 by2 c n ax1 by1 c 0
ax by1 c
m

1
n
ax2 by2 c

Ratio negative
ax1+by1+c and
ax2+by2+c have same
sign
points are on same
side of the line

P1

P2
L

Positions of Points Relative to

a Line
Algorithm
Step I : Write the line in general form
ax+by+c = 0
Step II : Determine sign of E1 = ax1+by1+c

and E2= ax2+by2+c

If E1 and E2 are of same sign, the point lie on the same side of
the line
If E1 and E2 are of opposite sign, the point lie on the opposite
sides of the line

Illustrative Problem
Are the points (3, -4) and (2, 6)
on the same or opposite sides of
the line 3x-4y=8?
Solution :
Given equation in general form, 3x4y8 = 0

E1 = 3(3) 4(4)8 = 14
E2 = 3(2) 4(6)8 = -26
Opposite side

Class Exercise - III ( 8 Min.)

1. Find the distance between
lines y = mx + c and 2y =
2mx + d
2. Check whether the origin and (2, 3)
lies on the same side of 2x + 5y = 10
or not.
3. If p and p1 are the two perpendiculars from origin on the
line: x sec + y cosec = a and x cos - y sin = a cos
2 respectively. Prove that 4p2 + p12 = a2.

Solution 1 -Class Exercise - III

Find the distance between lines y = mx + c
and 2y = 2mx + d

Solution :
The equation of lines can be written as
mx y + c = 0 ...(i)
mx y + d/2 = 0

and
...(ii)

c
Distance between parallel lines =

d
2

1 m2

Solution 2 -Class Exercise - III

Check whether the origin and (2, 3) lies on
the same side of 2x + 5y = 10 or not.

Solution :
Equation of line is 2x + 5y 10 = 0
E(0, 0) = 2(0) +5(0) 10 = 10
E(2, 3) = 2(2) +5(3) - 10 = 9

Opposite Side

Solution 3 -Class Exercise - III

If p and p1 are the two perpendiculars from
origin on the line: x sec + y cosec = a and
x cos - y sin = a cos 2 respectively. Prove
that 4p2 + p12 = a2.

Solution :
p

p1

a
sec 2 cos ec 2

a cos 2
sin cos
2

LHS 4p

p12

a sin cos

a
sin 2
2

a cos 2

a2
4
sin2 2 a2 cos2 2
4

= 4 a2

Thank you