Lecture 4

Java I--Copyright 2000 Tom Hunter
Lecture 4
Introduction to Java Applets
Applets Execute in a Browser

There is no main method in a Java Applet.
A Java Applet can only run in a browser.
An Applet is run only when an HTML page requests that
it be executed.
In place of a browser, we use a utility called the
appletviewer
This is a minimal browserit ignores all other HTML
commands except the one used to run an Applet.
appletviewer syntax.
These parameters refer to the width
To execute an Applet, do the following:
and height
(in Java
pixels)
of theusing
box javac,
your Applet
Compile
your
Applet
as usual.
will get when it is executed on a web page.
C:\ javac Hello.java
Create an HTML file and name it: Example.html
<HTML>
<APPLET CODE=Hello.class WIDTH=300 HEIGHT=40>
</APPLET>
</HTML>
To run the Applet, you type the following:

C:\ appletviewer Example.html
A Simple Applet
Writing A String (A Sentence) using an Applet
Because an Applet gets help from a browser, it contains
much less code.
The most obvious omission is the main method.
A Simple Applet
// A First Applet
import javax.swing.JApplet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
Every Java Applet must commence by importing the

class JApplet.
This class does all the heavy lifting for us.
A Simple Applet
// A First Applet
We are also importing class Graphics from the awt

(Abstract Windowing Tools) package so that we can draw
the String on the Applet.
A Simple Applet
// A First Applet
public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet
{
All code in an Applet sits in the wrapper of a class.

Likewise, the class name starts with a Capital
The public keyword enables the browser to create an
instance of this classwhat we have to do by ourselves
in an Application.
A Simple Applet
// A First Applet
{
This is Inheritancea very special principleand

there are special terms to describe the relationship.
}
Superclass (base class)
JApplet
Take special
note ofclass)
the extends
keyword.
Subclass
(derived
WelcomeApplet
extends means that our WelcomeApplet is
building on top of another class, JApplet !
Were taking everything it has, and adding to it !
A Simple Applet
// A First Applet
{
public void paint( Graphics g )
{
}
}
Now we have added a method called paint.

Notice its Access Modifier is public, so this method
can be called by any object outside of this class.
The return value is void.
A Simple Applet
// A First Applet
{
{
Dont get nervous. When you created an integer

}
variable
( int x; char m; ) you were doing
}
the same thing, Creating a instance of a type.
Graphics g is creating an example or
instance of the
Graphics
and naming
thatexpects
instance
Apparently,
paintclass
method
of JApplet
to g.
be
passed an object of type Graphics.
We are instantiating (creating) a Graphics class object
called g right there, inside the parenthesis of paint.
A Simple Applet
// A First Applet
{
{
g.drawString( Welcome to Java!, 25, 25 );
}
}
Finally, with this statement, we use the Graphics class

object g, and call the method drawString that all
Graphics class objects have.
drawString expects a String, plus two coordinates
that say where to place the bottom-left corner of the text.
A Simple Applet
// A First Applet
{
{
g.drawString( Welcome to Java!, 25, 25 );
}
}
Class JApplet already has a method called paint.

Class JApplets paint method is empty. It does nothing.
Although we did inherit the do-nothing method paint
from JApplet, ours will do something.
We are overriding the method paint that we inherited.
You might have to resize the Applet. You set the

dimensions of this box in your Example.html file.
Note: When you resize the Applet, you trigger the paint
method to fire.
More About Applets

In an Application, the method main is guaranteed to be
called by the operating system.
In an Applet, which has no main method, three other

methods are guaranteed to be called by the operating
system:
init()
start()
paint()
( In that order )
More About Applets

init() start() paint()
Since we did not override init()and start(),
the default versions of these methods were executed.
What did they do? Nothing!
Only paint() did something because we overrode it
and made it do something useful.
Finally, anytime you resize an Applet (meaning drag the

bottom right corner to make it bigger or smaller), then the
method paint() is automatically called again.
Thinking About Objects

Attributes and Behaviors: All Objects have them.
An Object in the real world has:
Attributes--its qualities, and its
Behaviors--what it does.
Object:
A balloon
Attributes:
Color: red
Diameter: 2 inch
Behaviors:
Rises
Inflates
Deflates
Pops

Java is based on the unit of a class.
A class is an object, it encapsulates the attributes
and behaviors into one self-contained unit.
The attributes (internal data variables) and behaviors
(methods that have an effect on those internal data
variables) are combined into a unit called an object.
Java encapsulates data (attributes) and

methods (behavior)
into a unit called an
Object.

An Employee is an Object
A Generic Employee has attributes:
name
address
phone_number
social_security_number
A Generic Employee has a method:
calculate_pay
Draw A Line
The Graphics class that drew the String on our previous
Applet has many methods at our disposal.
To the list of API classes we must know, we must now

add Graphics and JApplet.
Draw A Line
// Display Text and Lines
public class WelcomeLines extends JApplet
{
{
g.drawLine( 15, 10, 210, 10 );
g.drawLine( 15, 30, 210, 30 );
g.drawString( Welcome to Java!, 25,25);
}
}
This will put lines above and below the sentence.

The 4 arguments are the beginning and end points of the
line.
Draw A Line
This is the output.
Applet Example: Addition

This will produce the same result as we achieved with
the Addition Application, only this time as an Applet.
The goal is to add two floating-point numbers.
// Add two floating point numbers

import javax.swing.*;
Two Kinds of Java Variables:

Instance
public classvariables:
AdditionApplet extends
{
JApplet
// instance
variable
Declared outside
of any
method
public void init()
{ Automatically initialized
This asterisk allows you to
Visible in all methods
of
the
class
import all the classes in a package.
double sum;
Notice,
thisthe
variable
is
( But only
classessum
at this
outside
of any
method.
directory,
not any
sub-directories.
)
Declared inside a method
sum
is from
an instance
variable.
Also,
that
wildcard
} Not automatically initializeda syntax error if you
Numeric
instance
variables
package,
the compiler
willare
try to
use Graphics
them with
out
first
putting
a
value
in.
public void
paint(
g
)
automatically
initialized
to
zero,
only bring in those classes that
{
Vanish after the method
returns
toused
whatever
instance
variables
are it.
youchar
actually
in thecalled
program.
}
automatically initialized to spaces
and boolean are automatically
initialized Java
toI--Copyright
false. 2000 Tom Hunter
w
Local variables:

public class AdditionApplet extends JApplet
{
double sum;
// instance variable
public void init()
{
String firstNumber, secondNumber; // local variables
double num1, num2;
// local variables
}
{
}
}

{
double sum;
public void init()
{
String firstNumber, secondNumber;
double num1, num2;
firstNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(First Num );
secondNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(Second Num );
num1 = Double.parseDouble( firstNumber );
num2 = Double.parseDouble( secondNumber );
sum = num1 + num2;
}
public void paint(Since
Graphics
g )and
num1
{
}
}
num2 are doubles, we use

the Type Wrapper class that can
convert a String into a double.
( There are Type Wrapper classes for all
the primitive data types. )

{
double sum;
public void init()
{
String firstNumber, secondNumber;
double num1, num2;
firstNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(First Num );
secondNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(Second Num );
num1 = Double.parseDouble( firstNumber );
num2 = Double.parseDouble( secondNumber );
sum = num1 + num2;
}
{
g.drawRect( 15, 10, 270, 20 );
g.drawString( The Sum is + sum, 25, 25 );
}
In drawRect, the parameters are the coordinates

for the top left-hand corner, the width and the height.
Applet Example: Addition Output

Lecture 4

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Java I--Copyright 2000 Tom Hunter

Java I--Copyright 2000 Tom Hunter

Applets Execute in a Browser

In place of a browser, we use a utility called the

Applets Execute in a Browser

To run the Applet, you type the following:

Java I--Copyright 2000 Tom Hunter

Every Java Applet must commence by importing the

We are also importing class Graphics from the awt

All code in an Applet sits in the wrapper of a class.

Java I--Copyright 2000 Tom Hunter

This is Inheritancea very special principleand

Superclass (base class)

Now we have added a method called paint.

Dont get nervous. When you created an integer

Finally, with this statement, we use the Graphics class

Class JApplet already has a method called paint.

Applets Execute in a Browser

You might have to resize the Applet. You set the

More About Applets

In an Applet, which has no main method, three other

More About Applets

Finally, anytime you resize an Applet (meaning drag the

Thinking About Objects

Thinking About Objects

Java encapsulates data (attributes) and

Thinking About Objects

Java I--Copyright 2000 Tom Hunter

To the list of API classes we must know, we must now

Java I--Copyright 2000 Tom Hunter

This will put lines above and below the sentence.

This is the output.

Java I--Copyright 2000 Tom Hunter

Applet Example: Addition

Java I--Copyright 2000 Tom Hunter

// Add two floating point numbers

Two Kinds of Java Variables:

// Add two floating point numbers

Java I--Copyright 2000 Tom Hunter

// Add two floating point numbers

num2 are doubles, we use

// Add two floating point numbers

In drawRect, the parameters are the coordinates

Applet Example: Addition Output

Java I--Copyright 2000 Tom Hunter

You might also like