Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Computer Engineering
University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Noise in Communication
Systems
Prof. Rolando Carrasco
Lecture Notes
Newcastle University
2008/2009
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Introduction
Thermal Noise
Shot Noise
Low Frequency or Flicker Noise
Excess Resister Noise
Burst or Popcorn Noise
General Comments
Noise Evaluation Overview
Analysis of Noise in Communication
Systems
Thermal Noise
Noise Voltage Spectral Density
Resistors in Series
Resistors in Parallel
10.Matched Communication Systems
1. Introduction
Noise is a general term which is used to describe an unwanted signal
which affects a wanted signal. These unwanted signals arise from a
variety of sources which may be considered in one of two main
categories:Interference, usually from a human source (man made)
Naturally occurring random noise
Interference
1. Introduction (Contd)
Natural Noise
Naturally occurring external noise sources include atmosphere disturbance
(e.g. electric storms, lighting, ionospheric effect etc), so called Sky Noise
or Cosmic noise which includes noise from galaxy, solar noise and hot
spot due to oxygen and water vapour resonance in the earths atmosphere.
Experimental results (by Johnson) and theoretical studies (by Nyquist) give
the mean square noise voltage as _ 2
V 4 k TBR (volt 2 )
3. Shot Noise
Shot noise was originally used to describe noise due to random
fluctuations in electron emission from cathodes in vacuum tubes
(called shot noise by analogy with lead shot).
Shot noise also occurs in semiconductors due to the liberation of
charge carriers.
For pn junctions the mean square shot noise current is
I n2 2I DC 2 I o q e B
(amps ) 2
Where
is the direct current as the pn junction (amps)
is the reverse saturation current (amps)
is the electron charge = 1.6 x 10-19 coulombs
B is the effective noise bandwidth (Hz)
7. General Comments
8. Noise Evaluation
The essence of calculations and measurements is to determine the
signal power to Noise power ratio, i.e. the (S/N) ratio or (S/N)
expression in dB. S
S
N
ratio N
S
S
10 log 10
N dB
N
Also recall that
S ( mW )
S dBm 10 log 10
1
mW
N ( mW )
and N dBm 10 log 10
1
mW
S
i.e. 10 log 10 S 10 log 10 N
N dB
S
S dBm N dBm
N dB
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V 4 k TBR (volt 2 )
A) System BW = B Hz
N= Constant B (watts) = KB
B) System BW
N= Constant 2B (watts) = K2B
For A, S S
N
KB
For B, S S
N
K 2B
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___
V V
____
2
n1
____
2
n1
___
2
n2
4 k T1 B R1
Vn 2 4 k T2 B R2
2
____
2
n
____
2
n
4 k B (T1 R1 T2 R2 )
4 kT B ( R1 R2 )
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___
V V
____
2
n
2
o1
___
4kB
V R R 2
1
2
_____
2
n
_____
2
n
Vo 2 V n 2
R1
R1 R2
2
o2
2
2
R R
T1 R1 R12 T2 R2 1 2
R1 R2
4kB R1 R2 (T1 R1 T2 R2 )
R1 R2 2
RR
4kTB 1 2
R1 R2
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Or
An equivalent circuit, when the line is connected to the receiver is shown below.
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N
Noise Power
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S N
S N
IN
OUT
F=
S N
S N
IN
OUT
= S IN N OUT
N IN S OUT
But
SOUT G S IN
Therefore
S IN N OUT
N
OUT
N IN G S IN G N IN
Since in general F v> 1 , then N OUT is increased by noise due to the active element i.e.
F
Na represents added noise measured at the output. This added noise may be referred to the
input as extra noise, i.e. as equivalent diagram is
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Ne is extra noise due to active elements referred to the input; the element is thus
effectively noiseless.
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In order to determine the (S/N) at the input, the overall receiver noise figure or noise
temperature must be determined. In order to do this all the noise must be referred to the same
point in the receiver, for example to A, the feeder input or B, the input to the first amplifier.
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Assume that these are now cascaded and connected to an aerial at the input, with N IN N ae
from the aerial.
N OUT G3 N IN 3 N e3
Now ,
Since
similarly
G3 N IN 3 F3 1 N IN
N IN 3 G2 N IN 2 N e 2 G2 N IN 2 F2 1N IN
N IN 2 G1 N ae F1 1N IN
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N OUT
N OUT
Fsys
GN IN G1G2 G3 N ae
1 F1 1
Fsys F1
N IN F2 1 N IN F3 1 N IN
N ae
G1 N ae
G1G 2 N ae
F2 1 F3 1 F4 1
G1
G1G2
G1G2 G3
.......... .
Fn 1
G1G2 .......... Gn 1
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If we now consider a carrier with a noise voltage with peak value superimposed we
may represents this as:
Both Vn and n are random variables, the above phasor diagram represents a snapshot
at some instant in time.
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x(t ) Vn Cos n
y (t ) Vn Sin n
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Vn Sin n t
tan
Vc Vn Cos n t
1
Vn
Sin n t
Vc
tan 1
Vn
Cos n t
1
Vc
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White
White noise = po f = Constant
Gaussian
We generally assume that noise voltage amplitudes have a Gaussian or Normal distribution.
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Block Codes
A block code is a coding technique which generates C check bits
for M message bits to give a stand alone block of M+C= N bits
M
M
M C N
Rate =
7 1 8
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Code rate R =
4
7
M
1
Rate
mM m
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Message Transfer
It is required to transfer the contents of Computer A to Computer B.
COMPUTER A
COMPUTER B
System Performance
In order to determine system performance in terms of successful,
false and lost message transfers it is necessary to know:
the
N!
N R
R
( R )
p 1 p
N R ! R!
This gives the probability of R errors in an N bit block subject to a
bit error rate p.
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N!
N 0
( 0)
p 0 1 p (1 p ) N
N 0!0!
The probability of 1 error in the block (R=1)
N!
N 1
(1)
p 1 1 p N p (1 p ) N 1
N 1!1!
The probability of 2 error in the block (R=2)
( 2)
N!
N 2 ! 2!
p 2 1 p
N 2
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dmin = l + t + 1
with t l
i t 1
p (i )
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p (i )
i l 1
Example
Using dmin = 6, option 3, (t =1, l =4)
Probability of Error
P(0) = (1-p)3
For 1 error in any position
Probability of one error P(R=1) = P(1)
E G G
or
G E G
or
G G E
P(1) = 3 p (1-p)2
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For 3 errors
E
P(3) = p p p = p3
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p( R) C R p (1 p )
N
Where
C R or
N
N!
R ( N R)!R!
N R
p( R) N C R p R (1 p) N R
p ( R 0) p (0)
p (0) 8C 0 p 0 (1 p ) 80
(1 0.1) 8 (0.9) 8
p (0) 0.4304672
Prob. of 1 error,
p ( R 1) p (1)
p (1) 8C1 p 1 (1 p ) 81
8 (0.1) (1 0.1) 8
p (1) 0.3826375
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p( R)
R2
p( R) 1
R 0
Since the probability of head, say p = 0.5 and the probability of a tail,
(1-p) is also 0.5 and N=5 then
Prob. of 5 heads
p (5) 5C 5 p 5 (1 p ) N 5
5C 5 (0.5) 5
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Synchronization
One method of synchronization is to compare the received bits with a
SYNC pattern at the receiver decoder.
Synchronization (Contd)
Let S denote the number of sync bits. To illustrate let S=4 bits and let
the sync pattern be 0 1 1 0
Psucc p (0) (1 p ) S
Plost 1 p (0)
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p( R)
R 0
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N R
C1 p (1 p)
16
16 1
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