Department of Chemical Engineering

National Institute of Technology, Warangal

________________________________________________________

Academic Year

: 2014-15, I Semester, II Biotech

Course

: CH235 Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer

Instructor

: Dr. V. Ramsagar

Basic Equations of Fluid Flow

Differential equations and shell balances
Mass Balance in a Flowing Fluid: Continuty

Rate of mass in - Rate of mass out = Rate of mass accumulation

Cont density and Steady state

Continuity Eq in cylindrical coordinate system:

Continuity Eq in Spherical coordinate system:

One dimensional flow:

MASS BALANCE. In steady flow the mass balance is particularly
simple. The rate of mass entering the flow system equals that
leaving, as mass can be neither accumulated nor depleted within
a flow system under steady conditions.
Streamlines and stream tubes. Discussions of fluid-flow
phenomena are facilitated by visualizing, in the stream of fluid,
fluid paths called streamlines.
A streamline is an imaginary curve in a mass of flowing fluid so
drawn that at every point on the curve the net-velocity vector u is
tangent to the streamline.
No net flow takes place across such a line. In turbulent flow
eddies do cross and recross the streamline.

Solid blue lines and broken grey

lines represent the streamlines.
The red arrows show the
direction and magnitude of the
flow velocity. These arrows are
tangential to the streamline.
The group of streamlines
enclose the green curves
(C1and C2) to form a stream
surface.

Stream Tube: A stream tube, or stream filamelIt, is a tube of small or

large cross section and of any convenient cross-sectional shape that
is entirely bounded by streamlines. A stream tube can be visualized
as an imaginary pipe in the mass of flowing fluid through the walls of
which no net flow is occurring.

Eq of continuity

If the fluid is being heated or cooled, the density of the fluid also
varies from point to point in a single cross section. In this text
density variations in a single cross section of a stream tube are
neglected, and both Po and Pb are independent of location within
the cross section.
The mass flow rate through a differential area in the cross section of a stream tube is

The average velocity Vbar of the entire stream flowing through cross-sectional area S
is defined by

Mass veleocity

Crude oil specific gravity at 60 F is 0.887, flows through

the piping shown in Fig. Pipe A cross sectional area
0.0233 ft2, pipe B cross sectional area 0.0513 ft2, Pipe C
cross sectional area 0.01414 ft2. An equal quantity of
liquid flows through each of the pipes C. The flow through
the pipe A is 6.65 m3/h.
Calculate a) the mass flow rate in each pipe, b) the avg
linear vel in each pipe
c) the mass velocity in each pipe

For the following situation of steady flow, determine whether flow is laminar or turbulent:
Water at 10C flowing at an avg velocity of 2 m/s in a 100 mm pipe.

Estimate the transition length at the entrance to a 15-mm tube through which
100 percent glycerol at 60'C is flowing at a velocity of 0.3 m/s. The density of glycerol
is 1240 kg/m3.

MACROSCOPIC MOMENTUM BALANCE. A momentum

balance, similar to the overall mass balance, can be written for
the control volume, assuming that flow is steady and
unidirectional in the x direction.
The sum of all forces acting on the fluid in the x direction, by the
momentum principle, equals the increase in the time rate of
momentum of the flowing fluid.
The sum of forces acting in the x direction equals the difference
between the momentum leaving with the fluid per unit time and
that brought in per unit time by the fluid,