- Jayasmita Dutta

Genome
Complete set of genetic information
Divided physically into chromosomes,
functionally into genes.

Nucleic acids
Molecules that encode genetic information.
Nitrogenous bases + ribose molecules, linked by
phosphodiester bonds.
DNA, RNA

Chromosomes
Independent physical unit that carries a DNA sequence
Storage units of genes

Gene
Basic unit of genetic information
Represents a specific protein
Determine the traits
 Nucleotide Structure
Phosphate
Group

O 5
O=P-O CH2
O
O
N
Nitrogenous base
C4 C1 (A, G, C, or T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3 C2
 Proteins

• Also known as polypeptides

• Organic compounds

• Made of amino acids

• Order of gene  Protein Sequence

• Amino acids are joined together by the peptide bonds

between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino
acid residues

• 3 Nucleotides = a triplet or CODON (code for specific

AMINO ACID)
 The Code of Life…
The “code” of the chromosome is the
SPECIFIC ORDER that bases occur.

A T C G T A T G C G G…
 Human Genome

• 46 chromosomes

• 22 pairs of chromosomes
named autosomes.

• 2 sex chromosomes (X,Y):

XY – in males.
XX – in females.
 MITOSIS

MEIOSIS

DNA REPLICATION

TRANSCRIPTION DNA RECOMBINATION

TRANSLATIO
N
MEIOSIS
 DNA Replication
Each strand of the original DNA serves as a
template for the new strand
DNA Recombination

rDNA Technology
PLASMIDS

• Extra-chromosomal,
circular DNA

• Self-replicating

• Can carry up to
20000 base pairs of
foreign DNA
 cDNA

• A single-stranded
DNA

• Synthesized from
RNA by reverse
transcription in vitro.
 CLONING

Principle of gene cloning:

To insert the DNA of interest into a cloning vector which
then replicates to produce many more copies.

Key issues:
• Identification of the donor DNA,
• Means to insert it into the vector,
• Selection of the hybrid molecule that results from the
insertion,
• The method of amplification.
For any related queries, you can mail me at – jayasmitadutta@gmail.com