THERMAL PHENOMENA IN NANOFLUIDS

Presented by
RAJESH CHOUDHARY
(Enrollment No.12923039)

Under the Supervision of

Dr. SUDHAKAR SUBUDHI

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

IIT Roorkee

Contents
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Introduction
Nanofluids
Applications
Synthesis of Nanofluids
Rheological Properties of Nanofluids
Mechanisms of heat transfer in Nanofluids
Forced Convection System
Natural Convection System
Conclusion
Reference

Introduction
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Nanofluids ?
Need of high heat flow processes
Interest in improving the efficiency of existing heat transfer processes
Increased heat transfer can be achieved by:
(i) Increasing T
(ii) Increasing A
(iii) Increasing h

Nanofluids
o First prepared by Choi SUS in the year 1995 at the Argonne National
Laboratory
o High surface areas
o Better suspension stability
o Reduced particle clogging
o Pumping power
o Adjustable properties like thermal conductivity

Applications of Nanofluid
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Transportation (Engine cooling/vehicle thermal management)

Electronics cooling
Solar water heating
Diesel combustion
Nuclear systems cooling
Heat exchanger
Other applications (heat pipes, fuel cell, Defence, Chillers, domestic
refrigerator, Space, Drilling, Lubrications, Thermal storage etc.)

Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Nanofluids

Nanoparticles
o Physical methods (Grinding methods, Inert Gas Condensation)
o Chemical methods (Chemical Vapour Deposition, Chemical precipitation,
Micro-emulsions, spray pyrolysis, thermal spraying etc.)
Nanofluids
o The one-step method
o The two-step method
Nanoparticle

Direct Mix

Dispersant

Nanofluid
Base Fluid
Ultrasonic

Figure 1: Two-step method

Rheological Properties of Nanofluids

Rheological properties of Nanofluids are very important to understand
the heat transfer enhancement:
Thermal Conductivity
Viscosity
Density
Specific Heat

Rheological Properties of Nanofluids Cont

Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluid
o Thermal conductivity enhancement ratio
o Metal particles or metal oxide particles
o Particle size
o Particle volume concentration.
o Metal oxide particle volume concentrations below w= 45%
produces an enhancement level up to about 30% is typical and metal
particles with less than w < 1.5% gives an enhancement in thermal
conductivity up to 40%.

Rheological Properties of Nanofluids Cont

Viscosity of Nanofluid
o Pressure drop and pumping power
o A maximum increase in viscosity of Al2O3/water nanofluids
was 2.36 times that of water at 5% volume concentration as
observed by Chandrasekar et al. [17]
o Nguyen et al. found that, in general, nanofluid dynamic viscosity
increases considerably with particle volume concentration but
decreases with a temperature increase.

Rheological Properties of Nanofluids Cont

Density of Nanofluid
o Density of nanofluid is proportional to the volume ratio of
solid (nanoparticles) and liquid (base fluid) in the system
o Density of solids is higher than that of the liquids
o In the absence of experimental data, the density of the nanofluids
has been reported to be consistent with the mixing theory [19]
given by
= 1 +
(1)

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Rheological Properties of Nanofluids Cont

Density of Nanofluid
o Sommers and Yerkes [19]
measured the density of the
Al2O3/propanol nanofluid at
room temperature using two
methods and compared them.

Figure 2: Comparison of measured and calculated densities of nanofluid [19].

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Rheological Properties of Nanofluids Cont

Specific Heat of Nanofluid
o Smaller than that of the base fluid
o The first model is one which is analogous to the mixing theory
and the specific heat of a nanofluid is expressed as
, = 1 , + ,
(2)
o The second model is based on thermal equilibrium mechanism
and the specific heat of a nanofluid is expressed as
, = 1 , + ,
(3)

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Mechanisms of Enhancement of Heat Transfer

o Enhancement in thermal conductivity is the leading effect
o At room temperature, metals in solid phase have higher thermal
conductivities than those of fluids
o For example, the thermal conductivity of copper at room temperature is
about 700 times greater than that of water and about 3000 times greater
than that of engine oil
o Moreover, the effective thermal conductivity depends on several
mechanisms of particle motion.

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Mechanisms of Enhancement of Heat Transfer Cont

Dispersion of the suspended particles
o Surface-active substances (surfactants) can increase the kinetic stability
of emulsions
o Some of the surfactants are thiols, oleic acid, laurate salts, etc.

Intensification of turbulence
o Thermal conductivity (kth)
o Effective thermal conductivity (kth+kturb) in turbulent flow due to the
effects of turbulent eddies

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Mechanisms of Enhancement of Heat Transfer Cont

Brownian motion
o Random movement of particles suspended in a liquid or gas
o Brownian motion intensifies with an increase in temperature as per the
kinetic theory of particles.
o Keblinski et al. [14] have suggested that the potential mechanism for
enhancement of thermal conductivity is the transfer of energy due to the
collision of higher temperature particles with lower ones.
o Effect of bulk viscosity.

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Mechanisms of Enhancement of Heat Transfer Cont

Thermophoresis
o Thermophoresis or the Soret effect
o Particles travel in the direction of decreasing temperature
o Heat transfer increases with a decrease in the bulk density
o Most significant in a natural convection process

Diffusiophoresis
o Osmo-phoresis
o Migration of particles due to concentration gradient

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Force Convection in Nanofluids

Figure 3: Convective heat transfer under constant wall-temperature condition [20].

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Force Convection in Nanofluids

Cont

Figure 4: Experimental values of heat transfer coefficient and calculated values from Seider
Tate equation for Al2O3/water nanofluid versus Peclet number at different volume concentration
[20].
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Natural Convection in Nanofluids

Figure 5: Convective heat transfer in fully developed laminar flow

under constant heat flux [22].

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Natural Convection in Nanofluids

Cont

Figure 6: Nusselt and Rayleigh numbers as a function of time (heat flux of 190 W/m2).
(a) Nusselt number and (b) Rayleigh number [22].
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Conclusion
o Addition of nanoparticles to a liquid increases the viscosity
significantly and the thermal conductivity moderately, however the
specific heat and density changes modestly.
o Prandtl number of nanofluids increases as particle volume
concentration increases but decreases with an increase in the
temperature.
o Reynolds number of nanofluid for a specified geometry and velocity
increases with temperature and decreases with an increase in particle
volumetric concentration.
o The convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids in-creases with
an increase in temperature and concentration and is significantly higher
than that of the base fluid.
o In general, nanofluids show many excellent properties promising for
engineering application. But there are still several important issues that
need to be solved for applications of nanofluids in engineering.
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References
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References
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metallic oxide particles, Experimental Heat Transfer, 11 (1998), 15170
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Fluid Flow, 21 (2000), 5864
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References
17. Chandrasekar M, Suresh S, Chandra Bose A. Experimental investigations and theoretical
determination of thermal conductivity and viscosity of Al2O3/water nanofluid,
Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 34 (2010), 210216
18. Nguyen CT, Desgranges F, Galanis N, Roy G, Mare T, Boucher S, et al. Viscosity
data for Al2O3/water nanofluid-hysteresis: Is heat transfer enhancement using nanofluids
reliable? International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 47 ( 2008), 10311
19. Sommers AD, Yerkes KL. Experimental investigation into the convective heat transfer
and system-level effects of Al2O3-propanol nanofluids, Journal of Nanoparticle Research,
12 (2010), 100314
20. Heris SZ, Esfahany MN, Etemad SGh, Experimental investigation of convective heat transfer
of Al2O3/water nanofluid in circular tube, International Journal of Heat Fluid Flow, 28 (2007),
203-210
21. Hwang KS, Jang SP, Choi US, Flow and convective heat transfer characteristics of waterbased Al2O3 nanofluids in fully developed laminar flow regime, International Journal of Heat
Fluid Mass Transfer, 52 (2009), 193-199
22. Wen D, Ding Y, Formulation of nanofluids for natural convective heat transfer applications,
International Journal of Heat Fluid Mass Transfer, 26 (2005), 855-864

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Thank

You

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