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Illumination Basic & Scheme

Utilization of Electrical Energ

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Topics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.

Introduction
Nature of light
Terms used in illumination
Law of illumination
Electrical methods of producing light
Sources of light
Arc lamps
Filament lamps
Gaseous discharge lamps
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Topics
10. Sodium vapor lamp
11. Mercury vapor lamp
12. Fluorescent tube
13. Neon lamp
14. Halogen lamp
15. Compact fluorescent lamp
16. Candle power and its measurement

17. Lighting scheme


18. Street light
19. Flood lighting
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Introduction
As we know that almost all human activities depends on
light. Sun is a prime natural source of light but
artificial lighting plays almost main role in our daily
life. These artificial lights are produced by
mechanical lamps and electrical lamps.
But due to poor performance the mechanical light are
totally replaced by electrical lights. The electrical
lighting are mainly used for decorative purpose,
advertising, traffic control , medical field and street
lighting etc.

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Background
Lighting energy consumption
20-45% in commercial buildings
3-10% in industrial plants

Significant energy savings can be


realized with a minimal capital
investment

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Basic Theory

Light: electromagnetic waves in space


Light is emitted through:
a) Incandescence

b) Electric discharge
c) Electro luminescence
d) Photoluminescence

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Electrical Lighting
Electrical lighting has following advantages :
1. Cleanliness
2. Easy to control
3. Economical
4. Easy to handle
5. Steady output
6. Better reliability
7. Suitable for almost all purposes etc.

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Sensitivity of Human Eye


As we know natural light consists of seven colors
having different wavelengths. The average human
eye is most sensitive to a wave length of 5500 0A.
The relative sensitivity of eye for a particular wave
length is the visual effect produced by the light on
the average human eye as compared with the effect
of light having wave length 5500 0A on human eye.

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This is also
known as
Relative
luminosity
Factor.

Sensitivity of Human eye


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Terms used in Illumination


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Light
Luminous flux
Lumen
Plane angle
Solid angle
Steradian
Candle power
Luminous intensity reduction factor
Glare
Lamp efficiency
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light

That part of radiant energy from

a hot body which produced the


visual sensation on human eye
is called light.

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Luminous Flux
The total quantity of radiant energy per second

responsible for visual sensation from a luminous


body is called Luminous Flux.
It is represented as F of and measured in
lumens.
Lumen

1 lumen = the photometric equivalent of the watt


1 lumen = luminous flux per m2 of a sphere with 1 m

radius and a 1 candela isotropic light source at the


centre

1 watt = 683 lumens at 555 nm wavelength


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Lumen

It is the unit of luminous flux. One

lumen is defined as the luminous


flux emitted per unit solid angle
from a point source of one candle
power.
Lux
metric unit of measure for illuminance on a surface: 1 lux = 1
lumen / m2
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The angle subtended


at a point by two
converging
lines
lying in the same
plane is called plane
angle. It is measured
in radians and equal
to the ratio of the
length of the arc too
its radius,
= arc/ radius
= l/ r radians

Plane Angle
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The angle subtended


by the partial surface
area of a sphere at its
centre is called as
solid angle. It is
measured
in
steradians and equal
to the ratio of area of
the surface to the
square of radius of
sphere,
= area of surface/
square of radius
= A/ r2 steradians

Solid Angle
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Steradian
the unit of solid angle. One steradian is

defined as the solid angle that is


subtended at the centre of a sphere by
its surface having area equal to radius
square,
= surface area/ (radius)2
= r 2 / r2 = 1 steradian
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Candle Power
The

light radiating capacity of a


source is called its candle power. The
number of lumens given out by a
source per unit solid angle in a given
direction is called its candle power. It
is denoted by C.P.
Total flux emitted = CP X solid angle
= 1 X 4 = 4 lumens
= 4 lumens
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Luminous Intensity
Luminous intensity in any particular direction is the

luminous flux emitted by the source per unit solid angle


in that direction.
It is denoted by I and its unit is candela or candle power
(CP) .
Luminous intensity of source in a particular direction,
I=/
Luminous intensity (I)
measured in Candela (cd)
Luminous flux (lm)
4 x luminous intensity
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Reduction Factor

reduction factor of a source of light is


the ratio of its mean spherical candle
power to its mean horizontal candle
power.
Reduction factor = MSCP/ MHCP

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Illumination

When light falls on a surface, it


becomes visible, the phenomenon is
called as illumination.
It is defined as luminous flux falling on
a surface per unit area. It is denoted
by E and measured in lumen per
square meter or meter- candle.
E = / A lux
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Lux

One meter candle or lux is defined as


the illumination produced by a
uniform souce of one CP on the inner
surface of a sphere of radius one
meter.

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Glare
In the human eye, the opening of pupil is controlled by
its iris which depends upon the intensity of light
received by the eye. If the eye is exposed to a very
bright source of light, the pupil of the eye contracts
automatically in order to reduce the amount of light
admitted and prevent damage to the retina. This effect
is called glare.
Glare is defined as the brightness within the field of
vision of such a character so as to cause discomfort
and interference in vision.

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Lamp Efficiency
It is defined as the visible radiations emitted by it in
lumens per watt.
Usually, the light sources do not radiate energy only in
the visible spectrum. The radiant energy is also
accompanied with infrared and ultra violet
radiations.

Sun light produces majority of radiations in the visible


spectrum. The tungsten lamp produces small
radiations so its efficiency is very poor.
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The efficiency
of fluorescent
lamp is more
than tungsten
lamp.

Lamp efficiency
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Reflection Factor

Whole of the light incident on a reflecting surface is


not reflected. Some portion of it is absorbed by the
surface.
The ratio of the reflected light to the incident light is
called reflection factor.

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Law of Illumination

The illumination on a surface depends upon the


luminous intensity, distance between the source and
surface and the direction of rays of light. It is
governed by following laws :
1. Inverse square law
2. Lamberts cosine law

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It states that
the illumination
of a surface is
inversely
proportional to
the square of
the distance of
the
surface
from
the
source.

E 1/d2

Inverse Square Law


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The inverse square law


Defines the relationship between
illuminance from a point source and
distance

E = I / d2
E1 d12 = E2 d22
E = Iluminance
I = Luminous intensity
d = distance
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This law states


that
the
illumination on
any surface is
proportional
to
the
cosine
of
angle between the
direction of the
incident flux and
perpendicular to
the area.
E = 1/d2 cos

Lamberts Cosine Law


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Electrical method of producing Light

Following are the methods of producing light :


1. By developing arc between two electrodes
2. By passing a current through a filament
3. By electric discharge through vapors or gases

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Types of Lighting Systems


Incandescent lamps
Tungsten Halogen Lamps
Fluorescent lamps
High pressure sodium lamps
Low pressure sodium lamps

HID lamps

Mercury vapour

Metal halide
Blended
LED lamps

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Arc Lamp
The principle of an arc lamp is that when two
electrodes carrying current are separated through a
small distance, an arc is struck between them. The
arc lamps were used in the past for street lighting
purposes but now a day these are used when
extreme brightness is required.
Most commonly use arc lamp is
Carbon Arc Lamp

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Carbon Arc Lamp


This is the oldest type of lamp and is still being employed
in cinema projectors and search lights. It consists of two
hard carbon rods (Electrodes). The diameter of +ve
electrode is double to that of ve electrode. The ve
electrode is generally fixed and +ve electrode is placed in
adjustable holder and the process is manually or
automatic. The arc consists of carbon vapors surrounded
by orange red zone of burning carbon and pale green
flames.

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Carbon Arc Lamp


When the lamp is OFF, the two electrodes are touching each
other due to spring pressure on +ve electrode. When the
supply is ON a large current is flow through electrodes. The
temperature of carbon electrode is increased and thus the +ve
electrode is pulled away against its spring pressure through a
small distance by coil and thus an arc is struck between
electrodes. This arc is maintained by transfer of carbon
particles from one electrode to other electrode.

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Carbon Arc Lamp


These particles travel from +ve electrode to ve
electrode, thus after sometime of operation +ve
electrode become hollow and ve become pointed.
Thats why +ve electrode is made double than ve
electrode.
In carbon arc lamp 85 % of light is given by +ve
electrode which produces high intensity light and only
10 % by ve electrode and 5 % by air. The temperature
of +ve electrode is 4000 oC and that of ve electrode is
about 2500 oC. The luminous efficiency of such lamps
is about 9 lumen/watt.
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For maintaining the


arc, a minimum
voltage required is
given by :
V = (39 + 28 L ),
where L is length of
arc in centimeter.

ARC Lamps
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Filament or Incandescent Lamp


Working Principle :
As we know when a room heater is
switched On , it gives out red light
with heat at the working
temperature of 750 oC and at this
temperature the radiations are
mostly in infra red regions. This
working principle is used to
develop the filament lamp.

When an electric current is


passed through a fine
metallic wire , it raises the
temperature of wire. At low
temperature only heat is
produced but at higher
temperature
light
radiations
goes
on
increasing. As filament
lamp consists of fine wire
of high resistive material
placed in an evacuated
glass bulb. This type of
lamps are operated at the
temperature of 2500 oC .
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Filament or Incandescent Lamp


Emit radiation mainly in
the visible region
Bulb contains vacuum or
gas filling
Efficacy: 12 lumen / Watt
Color rendering index: 1A
Color temperature: 2500
2700 K
Lamp life <2000 hrs

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A tungsten filament
is
enclosed
in
evacuated
glass
bulb but to improve
its
performance
some chemical like
argon or nitrogen
gas are filled.

Filament Lamp
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Types of Lighting Systems


Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
Tungsten filament and a halogen gas
filled bulb
Tungsten atoms evaporate from the hot
filament and move to cooler wall of bulb
Efficacy: 18 lumens/Watt
Color rendering index: 1A
Color temperature: warm
Lamp life < 4000 hrs

43

Advantages:
More compact
Longer life
More and whiter light

Disadvantages:
Cost more
Increased IR and UV
Handling problems

Tungsten halogen lamps

Properties of Metal for Filament


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

High melting point : so that it can be operated at high


temperature.
High specific resistance : so that it produces more
heat.
Low temperature coefficient : so that filament
resistance may not change at operating temperature.
Low vapor pressure ; so that it may not vaporize
High ductile : so that it may withstand mechanical
vibrations

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Sodium Vapor Lamp


This lamp consists of discharge tube made from special
heat resistance glass, containing a small amount of
metallic sodium, neon gas and two electrodes. Neon
gas is added to start the discharge and to develop
enough heat to vaporised sodium. A long tube is
required to get more light. To reduce overall
dimensions of the lamp, the tube is generally bent
into U-shape .

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Sodium Vapor Lamp


Working Principle :
An electric discharge lamps require a high voltage at
staring and low voltage during operation. So at
starting a voltage of 450 V is applied across the lamp
to start the discharge. After 10 to 15 minutes, the
voltage falls to 150 V because of low power factor. To
improve the power factor a capacitor is connected
across the supply. The color of light produce is
yellowish.

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Sodium Vapor Lamp

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Types of Lighting Systems


High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps
Used in outdoor and industrial applications
Consist of: ballast, high- voltage electronic starter,
ceramic arc tube, xenon gas filling, sodium, mercury
No starting electrodes

High efficacy: 60 80 lumen/Watt


Color rendering index: 1 - 2
Color temperature: warm

Lamp life < 24,000 hrs

Types of Lighting Systems


Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps

Commonly included in the HID family

Highest efficacy: 100 - 200 lumen/Watt

Poorest quality light: colors appear black, white


or grey shades

Limited to outdoor applications

Efficacy: Color rendering index: 3

Color temperature: yellow

Lamp life < 16,000 hours

Mercury Vapor Lamp


On the basis of pressure inside the discharge tube, the
mercury vapor lamps are classified as high pressure
Mercury Vapor Lamp and low pressure Mercury Vapor
Lamp. High pressure M.V. Lamps are of following
types :
1. M.A. type : these are operated at 220 -250 V A.C.
main and made in 250 W and 400 W.
2. M.A.T. type : these are made in 300 and 500 W and
operated at 200 -250 V A.C. as well as D.C.
3. M.B. type : This is operated at 200 250 V A.C. and
made in 80 W and 125 W.
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Mercury Vapor Lamp


Construction :
It consists of hard glass tube enclosed in outer bulb
of ordinary glass. The space between two bulbs are
completely evacuated to prevent heat loss by
convection from inner bulb. The outer bulb absorbs
harmful ultra violet rays. The inner bulb contains
argon gas with certain quantity of mercury. In
addition with two electrodes on starting electrode
having high resistance in series also provided. The
main electrodes are made of tungsten wire in helical
shape. The lamp has screwed cap and connected to
supply with choke. A capacitor is connected across
supply to improve power factor.
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Mercury Vapor Lamp


Working Principle :
When the supply is switched ON, full voltage is
applied across main and starting electrodes. This
voltage breaks down the gap and discharge through
argon gas takes place. As the lamp warms up,
mercury is vaporized , which increase the vapor
pressure. This discharge takes the shape of intense
arc. After 5 minutes, the lamp gives full light.
It gives greenish blue color light .
this lamp is always suspended vertically, other wise
inner glass tube may break due to excessive heat.
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Mercury Vapor Lamps

Oldest HID lamp

Consists of: arc tube with mercury and argon gas and
quartz envelope, third electrode, outer phosphor coated
bulb, outer glass envelope

Long life and low initial costs

Very poor efficacy: 30 65 lumens/Watt

Color rendering index: 3

Color temperature: intermediate

Lamp life: 16000 24000 hours

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Mercury Vapor Lamp

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Fluorescent Tube
Working :
A choke is connected in series with the tube which
act as a blast and provide a high voltage at starting
glow in the tube. During running condition the
same choke absorbs some supply voltage and
remain a voltage of 110 V across the tube. A
capacitor is connected to improve the power factor.

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Fluorescent Tube
it is a low pressure mercury vapor lamp. It consists of
a glass tube 25 mm in diameter and 0.6 m, 1.2 m and
1.5 m in length. The tube contains argon gas at low
pressure about 2.5 mm of mercury. At the two ends,
two electrodes coated with some electron emissive
material are placed.

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Types of Lighting Systems


Fluorescent Lamps

3 5 times as efficient as standard incandescent


lamps and last 10 20 times longer

Electricity passes through a gas or metallic vapor


and causes radiation

Fluorescent tubes are hot cathode lamps

Fluorescent Tube
The colors produce by this tubes are as :
Material
Color
Zinc silicate
Green
Calcium tungsten
Blue
Cadmium borate
Pink
Calcium Holo phosphate
White or day light
Magnesium tungsten
Bluish white

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Fluorescent Tube

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Types of Lighting Systems


Fluorescent Lamps
Different types (T12,
T10, T8 and T5)
differing in diameter
and efficiency
Most efficient at
ambient temperature
of 20-30 oC,
Compact fluorescent
lamps (CFL) have
much smaller
luminaries

Features:
Halo-phosphate
Efficacy 80 lumens/Watt (HF
gear increases this by 10%)
Color Rendering Index 2-3
Color Temperature Any
Lamp Life 7-15,000 hours
Tri-phosphor
Efficacy 90 lumens/Watt
Color Rendering Index 1A-1B
Color Temperature Any
Lamp Life 7-15,000 hours

Advantages of Fluorescent Tube


Voltage fluctuation has very small effect on light
output.
2. The luminous efficiency is more as length of rod
is more.
3. It gives light close to natural light.
4. Heat radiations are negligible.
1.

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Disadvantages of Fluorescent Tube

Its brightness is less.


2. Initial cost is more
3. Overall maintenance cost is high.
1.

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Neon Lamp
These lamps are operated at a very low
temperature of about 200 oC thats why
these are called cold cathode discharge
lamps.
Two electrodes are housed at the two ends
of the tube which contain neon gas. The
electrodes are made of iron or nickel
cylinder without any coating and
practically they do not emit electrons. It
gives red light whereas with mixture of
mercury and argon it gives bluish green
color. Voltage require for starting and
operation is 10000 V. This high voltage is
obtained from transformer.

Neon Lamp
Working :
When the supply is switched ON at primary side of
transformer, a voltage of 10000 V develops across
secondary side which come across two electrodes. At
this voltage a discharge occurs in neon gas.
Different colors can be obtained by changing the
constituents of gases and mercury filled in the tubes.

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Neon Lamp

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Neon Lamp
Applications :
Neon lamps are generally used for advertising. Most of
letters having two ends at which electrodes are
placed. In letter having more than two ends , the
tube path is repeated for some portion.

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Halogen Lamp
Halogen lamp is a special type of tungsten filament
lamp which was developed in 1959, in this lams, a
small amount of halogen vapor is added to the
inert gas of the bulb. Its glass bulb is small in size
and mechanically strong. It operates at high
temperature of 3000 oC .

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Halogen Lamp
When the supply is given to the
lamp, a filament glows and
produce light. The halogen in
addition to inert gas causes
the evaporated tungsten to
resettle back on the filament
during cooling, thats why
lamp can be operated at high
temperature. It provides high
intensity light.

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Halogen Lamp

Advantages of Halogen Lamp


1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

It is smaller in size.
It does not need any blast.
Good colors can be obtained.
Excellent optical control.
Gives same output throughout life
It has long life

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Disadvantages of Halogen Lamp


During maintenance the handling of lamp is
difficult.
2. Radiant heat is more which heats the surroundings.
3. Operating temperature is high which effects its life.
1.

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Compact fluorescent Lamp( CFL)


The compact fluorescent lamps are
becoming more and more
popular now a days because of
their low power consumption,
low running cost, longer life,
attractive look, smooth light
and low maintenance. These
lamps are available in different
sizes and designs. They have
single rod, double rod, triple
rod or spiral rod. These lamps
are available in different
power rating e.g. 5, 7, 9, 11, 18
and 24 watt 220 V

Compact fluorescent Lamp( CFL)

It is basically a low pressure mercury


vapor lamp having two electrodes
coated with electron emissive
material placed in a glass tube. The
tube is coated internally with some
fluorescent material in the form of
powder. In the tube one drop of
mercury and argon gas is filled at low
pressure.
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Advantage of CFL
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Low energy consumption.


Low maintenance cost
It stars instantly
It does not heat the surroundings
Excellent color properties
Low operating cost
More life
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Applications of CFL

The compact size, longer life, low


running and maintenance cost,
instant glow makes these lamps
suitable for all places where
uniform illumination is required.
It is used in offices, shops, hotels,
hospitals, cinema halls, residential
buildings etc.
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Comparing lamps
Type of Lamp

Lum /
Watt
Avg.

Color
Rendering
Index

Range
Incandescent

8-18

14

Excellent

Fluorescent Lamps

46-60

50

Compact fluorescent lamps


(CFL)

40-70

High pressure mercury (HPMV)

Typical Application

Life
(Hours)

Homes, restaurants, general


lighting, emergency lighting

1000

Good w.r.t.
coating

Offices, shops, hospitals,


homes

5000

60

Very good

Hotels, shops, homes, offices

44-57

50

Fair

Halogen lamps

18-24

20

Excellent

High pressure sodium (HPSV)


SON

67-121

90

Low pressure sodium (LPSV)


SOX

101175

150

General lighting in factories,


garages, car parking, flood
lighting

8000-10000

5000

Display, flood lighting, stadium


exhibition grounds,
construction areas

2000-4000

Fair

General lighting in factories,


ware houses, street lighting

6000-12000

Poor

Roadways, tunnels, canals,


street lighting

6000-12000

Energy Efficiency Opportunities


High Efficiency Lamps & Luminaries
Examples (9 75% savings):
Metal halide lamps to replace mercury /
sodium vapor lamps

HPSV lamps where color rendering is


not critical
LED panel indicator lamps to replace
filament lamps
Luminaries with mirror optics instead of
conventional 83painted ones

Energy Efficiency Opportunities

Percentage

Reduction of
Lighting Feeder
Voltage

2
3

Supply voltage percentage

Can save
energy
Provided drop
in light output
is acceptable

6
5

3
2
1
1) Lamp current
4) Lamp output

2) Circuit power,
5) lamp voltage

3) Lamp power,
6) lamp efficiency

Effect of voltage variation of


fluorescent tube light parameters

Measurement of Candle Power

The candle power of a source in any


given direction is measured by
comparing it with a standard or
substandard source with the help of
an optical instrument called
PHOTOMETER.

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Photometer
Photometers are mostly based on inverse square law of
illumination and may be classified as stationary and
portable photometers.
The stationary photometers are usually installed in a
dark room with dead black walls and ceiling in order
to eliminate error due to reflected light.
The portable photometers are direct reading
instruments used to measured illumination in
houses, offices , commercial and industrial places.

Lighting Schemes

Lighting schemes are classified according


to the location, requirement and
purpose etc. are as under :
1. Direct lighting
2. Indirect lighting
3. Semi direct lighting
4. Semi indirect lighting
5. General lighting
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Direct Lighting

As is clear from the name, in this system almost


90 to 95 % light falls directly on the object or
the surface. The light is made to fall upon the
surface with the help of deep reflectors. Such
type of lighting scheme is most used in
industries and commercial lighting. Although
this scheme is most efficient but it is liable to
cause glare and shadows.

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Indirect Lighting
In this system, the light does not fall directly on the surface but
more than 90 % of light is directed upwards by using
diffusing reflectors. Here the ceiling acts as a source of
light and this light is uniformly distributed over the surface
and glare is reduced to minimum. It provides shadow less
illumination which is useful for drawing offices and
composing rooms. It is also used for decoration purposes
in cinema halls, hotels etc.

Semi direct Lighting


This is also an efficient system of lighting and chances
of glare are also reduced. Here transparent type
shades are used through which about 60 % light is
directed downward and 40 % is directed upward.
This also provides a uniform distribution of light
and is best suited for room with high ceilings.

Semi indirect Lighting


In this system about 60 to 90 % of total light is
thrown upward to the ceiling for diffused
reflection and the rest reaches the working plane
directly. A very small amount of light is absorbed
by the bowl. It is mainly used for interior
decoration.

General Lighting
This system employs such type of luminaries, shades
and reflectors which give equal illumination in all
the directions.

Design of Indoor Light Scheme


While designing a good lighting schemes, the
following points must be kept in mind :
1. It should provide adequate illumination.
2. It should provides uniformly distributed light all
over working plane.
3. It should avoid glare and shadows as far as
possible.
4. It should provide light of suitable colors.

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Factors required for Light Scheme


The following factors are required to be considered
while designing the lighting scheme :
1. Illumination level
2. Quality of light
3. Co efficient of utilization
4. Depreciation factor
5. Space height ratio

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Illumination Level
This is the most vital factor in deciding the number
and wattage of luminaries so that we are able to
see and recognize the object properly. Colors of the
body have the property of reflecting the light in
different proportions, degree of illumination, its
distance from the viewer, contrast between the
object to be seen and its surroundings.

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Illumination Level
Type of work
Offices
Schools
Industry
Shops
Hotels
Hospitals

recommended illumination level


100-400 lumens/ meter square
250-400 lumens/ meter square
1000 lumens/ meter square
250-500 lumens/ meter square
80-100 lumens/ meter square
250-3500 lumens/ meter square

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Quality of Light
This means that the illumination should not be
harmful to the viewers. It should be glare free,
shadow less and contrast free. Direct glare from
the source of light is most common factor.
Presence of polished and glassy surface will cause
indirect glare unless diffused light is used. Hard
and long shadows can be avoided by using a large
number of lamps and adjusting the mounting
height.

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Co efficient of Utilization
or
Utilization Factor

A surface to be illuminated receive light either directly


from the lamps or reflected from the ceiling and
walls or both. In this case, the total flux reaching
the surface will never be equal to the flux emitted
by the lamp, due to absorption by reflectors,
ceiling and walls.
total lumens emitted by the source
Usually it varies from 0.5 to 0.8.

Depreciation Factor
The total flux emitted by the source and its fitting may
be reduced due to deposition of dust upon the
surfaces. Similarly quantity of light reflected from
the ceiling and walls also decreases with the
passage of time. This is called as depreciation
factor.
Usually it varies from 1.3 to 1.6.

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Space Height Ratio


The ratio of space (horizontal distance ) between the two
adjacent lamps to the vertical height of the lamps above
the working plane is called space height ratio.
So the distance between the lamps is not too much. An
ideal scheme could be when there is large number of
small size lamps are used also it increases the cost of
installation. So the space height ratio is 1 to 1.5.

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Lighting Maintenance
Light levels decrease >50% due to aging lamps
and dirt on fixtures, lamps and room surfaces
Maintenance options:
Clean equipment

Replace lenses
Keep spaces bright and clean
Re-lamping

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Thank You

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