Professional Documents
Culture Documents
11/03/2013
Topics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Introduction
Nature of light
Terms used in illumination
Law of illumination
Electrical methods of producing light
Sources of light
Arc lamps
Filament lamps
Gaseous discharge lamps
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Topics
10. Sodium vapor lamp
11. Mercury vapor lamp
12. Fluorescent tube
13. Neon lamp
14. Halogen lamp
15. Compact fluorescent lamp
16. Candle power and its measurement
Introduction
As we know that almost all human activities depends on
light. Sun is a prime natural source of light but
artificial lighting plays almost main role in our daily
life. These artificial lights are produced by
mechanical lamps and electrical lamps.
But due to poor performance the mechanical light are
totally replaced by electrical lights. The electrical
lighting are mainly used for decorative purpose,
advertising, traffic control , medical field and street
lighting etc.
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Background
Lighting energy consumption
20-45% in commercial buildings
3-10% in industrial plants
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Basic Theory
b) Electric discharge
c) Electro luminescence
d) Photoluminescence
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Electrical Lighting
Electrical lighting has following advantages :
1. Cleanliness
2. Easy to control
3. Economical
4. Easy to handle
5. Steady output
6. Better reliability
7. Suitable for almost all purposes etc.
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This is also
known as
Relative
luminosity
Factor.
Light
Luminous flux
Lumen
Plane angle
Solid angle
Steradian
Candle power
Luminous intensity reduction factor
Glare
Lamp efficiency
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light
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Luminous Flux
The total quantity of radiant energy per second
Lumen
Plane Angle
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Solid Angle
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Steradian
the unit of solid angle. One steradian is
Candle Power
The
Luminous Intensity
Luminous intensity in any particular direction is the
Reduction Factor
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Illumination
Lux
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Glare
In the human eye, the opening of pupil is controlled by
its iris which depends upon the intensity of light
received by the eye. If the eye is exposed to a very
bright source of light, the pupil of the eye contracts
automatically in order to reduce the amount of light
admitted and prevent damage to the retina. This effect
is called glare.
Glare is defined as the brightness within the field of
vision of such a character so as to cause discomfort
and interference in vision.
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Lamp Efficiency
It is defined as the visible radiations emitted by it in
lumens per watt.
Usually, the light sources do not radiate energy only in
the visible spectrum. The radiant energy is also
accompanied with infrared and ultra violet
radiations.
The efficiency
of fluorescent
lamp is more
than tungsten
lamp.
Lamp efficiency
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Reflection Factor
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Law of Illumination
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It states that
the illumination
of a surface is
inversely
proportional to
the square of
the distance of
the
surface
from
the
source.
E 1/d2
E = I / d2
E1 d12 = E2 d22
E = Iluminance
I = Luminous intensity
d = distance
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HID lamps
Mercury vapour
Metal halide
Blended
LED lamps
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Arc Lamp
The principle of an arc lamp is that when two
electrodes carrying current are separated through a
small distance, an arc is struck between them. The
arc lamps were used in the past for street lighting
purposes but now a day these are used when
extreme brightness is required.
Most commonly use arc lamp is
Carbon Arc Lamp
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ARC Lamps
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A tungsten filament
is
enclosed
in
evacuated
glass
bulb but to improve
its
performance
some chemical like
argon or nitrogen
gas are filled.
Filament Lamp
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43
Advantages:
More compact
Longer life
More and whiter light
Disadvantages:
Cost more
Increased IR and UV
Handling problems
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Consists of: arc tube with mercury and argon gas and
quartz envelope, third electrode, outer phosphor coated
bulb, outer glass envelope
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Fluorescent Tube
Working :
A choke is connected in series with the tube which
act as a blast and provide a high voltage at starting
glow in the tube. During running condition the
same choke absorbs some supply voltage and
remain a voltage of 110 V across the tube. A
capacitor is connected to improve the power factor.
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Fluorescent Tube
it is a low pressure mercury vapor lamp. It consists of
a glass tube 25 mm in diameter and 0.6 m, 1.2 m and
1.5 m in length. The tube contains argon gas at low
pressure about 2.5 mm of mercury. At the two ends,
two electrodes coated with some electron emissive
material are placed.
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Fluorescent Tube
The colors produce by this tubes are as :
Material
Color
Zinc silicate
Green
Calcium tungsten
Blue
Cadmium borate
Pink
Calcium Holo phosphate
White or day light
Magnesium tungsten
Bluish white
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Fluorescent Tube
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Features:
Halo-phosphate
Efficacy 80 lumens/Watt (HF
gear increases this by 10%)
Color Rendering Index 2-3
Color Temperature Any
Lamp Life 7-15,000 hours
Tri-phosphor
Efficacy 90 lumens/Watt
Color Rendering Index 1A-1B
Color Temperature Any
Lamp Life 7-15,000 hours
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Neon Lamp
These lamps are operated at a very low
temperature of about 200 oC thats why
these are called cold cathode discharge
lamps.
Two electrodes are housed at the two ends
of the tube which contain neon gas. The
electrodes are made of iron or nickel
cylinder without any coating and
practically they do not emit electrons. It
gives red light whereas with mixture of
mercury and argon it gives bluish green
color. Voltage require for starting and
operation is 10000 V. This high voltage is
obtained from transformer.
Neon Lamp
Working :
When the supply is switched ON at primary side of
transformer, a voltage of 10000 V develops across
secondary side which come across two electrodes. At
this voltage a discharge occurs in neon gas.
Different colors can be obtained by changing the
constituents of gases and mercury filled in the tubes.
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Neon Lamp
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Neon Lamp
Applications :
Neon lamps are generally used for advertising. Most of
letters having two ends at which electrodes are
placed. In letter having more than two ends , the
tube path is repeated for some portion.
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Halogen Lamp
Halogen lamp is a special type of tungsten filament
lamp which was developed in 1959, in this lams, a
small amount of halogen vapor is added to the
inert gas of the bulb. Its glass bulb is small in size
and mechanically strong. It operates at high
temperature of 3000 oC .
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Halogen Lamp
When the supply is given to the
lamp, a filament glows and
produce light. The halogen in
addition to inert gas causes
the evaporated tungsten to
resettle back on the filament
during cooling, thats why
lamp can be operated at high
temperature. It provides high
intensity light.
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Halogen Lamp
4.
5.
6.
It is smaller in size.
It does not need any blast.
Good colors can be obtained.
Excellent optical control.
Gives same output throughout life
It has long life
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Advantage of CFL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Applications of CFL
Comparing lamps
Type of Lamp
Lum /
Watt
Avg.
Color
Rendering
Index
Range
Incandescent
8-18
14
Excellent
Fluorescent Lamps
46-60
50
40-70
Typical Application
Life
(Hours)
1000
Good w.r.t.
coating
5000
60
Very good
44-57
50
Fair
Halogen lamps
18-24
20
Excellent
67-121
90
101175
150
8000-10000
5000
2000-4000
Fair
6000-12000
Poor
6000-12000
Percentage
Reduction of
Lighting Feeder
Voltage
2
3
Can save
energy
Provided drop
in light output
is acceptable
6
5
3
2
1
1) Lamp current
4) Lamp output
2) Circuit power,
5) lamp voltage
3) Lamp power,
6) lamp efficiency
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Photometer
Photometers are mostly based on inverse square law of
illumination and may be classified as stationary and
portable photometers.
The stationary photometers are usually installed in a
dark room with dead black walls and ceiling in order
to eliminate error due to reflected light.
The portable photometers are direct reading
instruments used to measured illumination in
houses, offices , commercial and industrial places.
Lighting Schemes
Direct Lighting
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Indirect Lighting
In this system, the light does not fall directly on the surface but
more than 90 % of light is directed upwards by using
diffusing reflectors. Here the ceiling acts as a source of
light and this light is uniformly distributed over the surface
and glare is reduced to minimum. It provides shadow less
illumination which is useful for drawing offices and
composing rooms. It is also used for decoration purposes
in cinema halls, hotels etc.
General Lighting
This system employs such type of luminaries, shades
and reflectors which give equal illumination in all
the directions.
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Illumination Level
This is the most vital factor in deciding the number
and wattage of luminaries so that we are able to
see and recognize the object properly. Colors of the
body have the property of reflecting the light in
different proportions, degree of illumination, its
distance from the viewer, contrast between the
object to be seen and its surroundings.
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Illumination Level
Type of work
Offices
Schools
Industry
Shops
Hotels
Hospitals
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Quality of Light
This means that the illumination should not be
harmful to the viewers. It should be glare free,
shadow less and contrast free. Direct glare from
the source of light is most common factor.
Presence of polished and glassy surface will cause
indirect glare unless diffused light is used. Hard
and long shadows can be avoided by using a large
number of lamps and adjusting the mounting
height.
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Co efficient of Utilization
or
Utilization Factor
Depreciation Factor
The total flux emitted by the source and its fitting may
be reduced due to deposition of dust upon the
surfaces. Similarly quantity of light reflected from
the ceiling and walls also decreases with the
passage of time. This is called as depreciation
factor.
Usually it varies from 1.3 to 1.6.
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Lighting Maintenance
Light levels decrease >50% due to aging lamps
and dirt on fixtures, lamps and room surfaces
Maintenance options:
Clean equipment
Replace lenses
Keep spaces bright and clean
Re-lamping
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Thank You
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