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Preface
Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing and interpreting
numerical and nonnumerical facts, which we call data.
The collection and study of data are important in the work of
many professions, so that training in the science of statistics is
valuable preparation for variety of careers. , for example
economists and financial advisors, businessmen, engineers,
farmers
Knownedge of probability and statistical methods also are
useful for informatic specialists of various fields such as data
mining, knowledge discovery, neural network, fuzzy system and
so on.
Whatever else it may be, statistics is, firsrt and foremost, a
collection of tools used for converting raw data into information
to help decision makers in their works.
The science of data - statistics - is the subject of this course.
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Objectives
Understanding statistical reasoning
Mastering basic statistical methods for analyzing data
such as descriptive and inferential methods
Ability to use methods of statistics in practice with the
help of computer softwares in statistics
Entry requirements
High school algebra course (+elements of calculus)
Skill of working with computer
Contents
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Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction.
Chapter 2 Data presentation...
Chapter 3 Data characteristics...
descriptive summary statistics
Chapter 4 Probability: Basic...
concepts .
Chapter 5 Basic Probability
distributions ...
Chapter 6 Sampling
Distributions .
Chapter 7 Estimation.
Chapter 8 General Concepts of
Hypothesis Testing ..
Chapter 9 Applications of
Hypothesis Testing ..
Chapter 1 Introduction
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2.1 Introduction
are said to be
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Chapter 2 (continued 1)
2.5 Graphical description of quantitative data: Stem and
Leaf displays
Stem and leaf display is widely used in exploratory data analysis when the data set is
small
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3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of numerical descriptive measures
3.3 Measures of central tendency
3.4 Measures of data variation
3.5 Measures of relative standing
3.6 Shape
3.7 Methods for detecting outlier
3.8 Calculating some statistics from grouped data
3.9 Computing descriptive summary statistics using
computer softwares
3.10 Exercises
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Chapter 3 (continued 1)
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Chapter 3 (continued 2)
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3.6 Shape
3.6.1 Skewness
3.6.2 Kurtosis
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Chapter 4 (continued 1)
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Chapter 4 (continued 2)
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Field of events
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Chapter 4 (continued 3)
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Chapter 5 (continued 1)
5.1 Random variables
A random variable is a variable that assumes numerical values
associated with events of an experiment.
Classification of random variables: A discrete random variable
and continuous random variable
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Chapter 5 (continued 2)
5.3 Numerical characteristics of a discrete random
variable
5.3.1 Mean or expected value: =E(X)= xp(x)
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Chapter 5 (continued 3)
5.6 Continuous random variables: distribution function
and density function
Cumulative distribution function F(x)=P(X<x)
Density probability function f(x) = F(x)
xp(x)dx
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Chapter 6 (continued 1)
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Chapter 6 (continued 2)
6.3 Sampling Distribution
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6.5 Summary
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Chapter 7. Estimation
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7.1 Introduction
7.2 Estimation of a population mean: Large-sample case
7.3 Estimation of a population mean: small sample case
7.4 Estimation of a population proportion
7.5 Estimation of the difference between two population
means: Independent samples
7.6 Estimation of the difference between two population
means: Matched pairs
7.7 Estimation of the difference between two population
proportions
7.8 Choosing the sample size
7.9 Estimation of a population variance
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7.10 Summary
Chapter 7 (continued 1)
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Chapter 7 (continued 2)
7.5 Estimation of the difference between two population
means: Independent samples
For sufficiently large sample size (n1 and n2 >= 30), the
sampling distribution of 1 - 2 based on independent
random samples from two populations, is approximately normal
Small sample sizes under some assumptions on populations
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8.1 Introduction
The procedures to be discussed are useful in situations, where we are
interested in making a decision about a parameter value rather then
obtaining an estimate of its value
Chapter 8 (continued 1)
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8.5 Summary
8.6 Exercises
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Chapter 9 (continued 1)
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Chapter 9 (continued 2)
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10.1 Introduction
10.2 Tests of goodness of fit
10.3 The analysis of contingency tables
10.4 Contingency tables in statistical software packages
10.5 Introduction to analysis of variance
10.6 Design of experiments
10.7 Completely randomized designs
10.8 Randomized block designs
10.9 Multiple comparisons of means and confidence regions
10.10 Summary
10.11 Exercises
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Chapter 10 (continued 1)
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10.1 Introduction
10.2 Tests of goodness -of- fit
Purpose: to test for a dependence on a qualitative variable that
allow for more than two categorires for a response.Namely, it test
there is a significant difference between observed frequency
distribution and a theoretical frequency distribution .
Procedure for a Chi-square goodness -of- fit test
Chapter 10 (continued 2)
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Chapter 11 (continued 1)
11.1 Introduction: Bivariate relationships
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11.4 Estimating 2
Formula for s2, an estimator for 2
interpretation of s, the estimated standard deviation of e
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Chapter 11 (continued 2)
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Chapter 12 (continued 1)
12.1. Introduction: the general linear model
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y = B0 + B1x1 + ... + Bkxk + e, where y - dependent., x1, x2, ..., xk independent variables, e - random error.
12.4 Estimating 2
12.5 Estimating and testing hypotheses about the B parameters
Sampling distributions of b0, b1, ..., bk
A (1-) 100% Confidence interval for Bi (i =0, 1,.., k)
Test of an individual parameter coefficient Bi
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Chapter 12 (continued 1)
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[Contents]
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13.1. Introduction
Situations where t and F test are unsuitable
What do nonparametric methods use?
Chapter 13 (continued 1)
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13.7 Exercises
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