Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OBJECTIVES
After studying Chapter 21, the reader will be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
KEY TERMS
Aspect ratio
Back spacing
Bead
Belt
Body ply
Bolt circle
Carcass ply
Center section
Conicity
DOT tire code
E-metric tire
Green tire
High-flotation tires
Hydroplaning
Inner liner
JWL
LRR
Load index
Lug nuts
Major splice
Offset
Ply steer
Rim width
Run-flat tires
Schrader valve
Sidewall
Speed ratings
Spider
TPC
Tread
Unsprung weight
UTQGS
Wear bars
INTRODUCTION TO TIRES
PARTS OF A TIRE
TREAD
PARTS OF A TIRE
TREAD
FIGURE 211 (a) A typical tire tread depth gauge. The center movable plunger is pushed
down into the groove of the tire. (b) The tread depth is read at the top edge of the sleeve. In
this example, the tread depth is 6/32 in.
Automotive Chassis Systems, 5/e
By James D. Halderman
PARTS OF A TIRE
TREAD
PARTS OF A TIRE
TREAD
PARTS OF A TIRE
TREAD
PARTS OF A TIRE
SIDEWALL
WHITE SIDEWALL/LETTERED
10
PARTS OF A TIRE
BEAD
11
PARTS OF A TIRE
BODY PLY
12
PARTS OF A TIRE
BELT
a. Steel mesh
b. Nylon
c. Rayon
d. Fiberglass
e. Aramid
13
PARTS OF A TIRE
INNER LINER
14
PARTS OF A TIRE
MAJOR SPLICE
15
PARTS OF A TIRE
MAJOR SPLICE
FIGURE 216 The major splice of a tire can often be seen and felt
on the inside of the tire. The person who assembles (builds) the tire
usually places a sticker near the major splice as a means of
identification for quality control.
Automotive Chassis Systems, 5/e
By James D. Halderman
16
TIRE MOLDING
17
TIRE MOLDING
18
METRIC DESIGNATION
19
20
METRIC DESIGNATION
AMERICAN METRIC TIRE SIZE DESIGNATIONS
21
22
23
FIGURE 219 Notice that the overall outside diameter of the tire remains almost the same and
at the same time the aspect ratio is decreased and the rim diameter is increased.
24
SERVICE DESCRIPTION
25
SERVICE DESCRIPTION
26
Speedometer reading
Odometer reading
Fuel economy
27
28
29
30
31
SPEED RATINGS
32
33
34
35
36
FIGURE 2114 Conicity is a fault in the tire that can cause the
vehicle to pull to one side due to the cone effect (shape) of the
tire.
Automotive Chassis Systems, 5/e
By James D. Halderman
37
38
39
FIGURE 2116 Slip angle is the angle between the direction the tire tread is heading
and the direction it is pointed.
40
41
42
43
44
TREAD WEAR
TRACTION
TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE
45
46
47
FIGURE 2118 Typical DOT date code. This tire was built the sixth week of
2005.
48
49
50
SPARE TIRES
Most vehicles today come equipped with spacesaver spare tires that are smaller than the wheels
and tires that are on the vehicle.
The reason for the small size is to reduce the size
and weight of the entire vehicle and to increase
fuel economy by having the entire vehicle weigh
less by not carrying a heavy spare tire and wheel
around.
51
RUN-FLAT TIRES
52
RUN-FLAT TIRES
53
RUN-FLAT TIRES
FIGURE 2120 A conventional tire on the left and a run-flat tire on the right,
showing what happens when there is no air in the tire.
Automotive Chassis Systems, 5/e
By James D. Halderman
54
RUN-FLAT TIRES
PAX RUN-FLAT TIRES
55
RUN-FLAT TIRES
PAX RUN-FLAT TIRES
56
57
RUN-FLAT TIRES
SERVICING A PAX WHEEL/TIRE ASSEMBLY
58
59
60
61
WHEELS
62
WHEELS
63
WHEELS
FIGURE 2124 The wheel rim well provides a space for the tire to fit
during mounting; the bead seat provides a tire-towheel sealing
surface; the flange holds the beads in place.
Automotive Chassis Systems, 5/e
By James D. Halderman
64
WHEELS
WHEEL OFFSET
POSITIVE OFFSET
NEGATIVE OFFSET
BACK SPACING
DETERMINING BOLT CIRCLE
STEEL WHEELS
ALUMINUM WHEELS
65
WHEELS
66
WHEELS
67
WHEELS
68
WHEELS
69
WHEELS
FIGURE 2129 Measuring the bolt circle on a five lug wheel is difficult,
but a quick and easy way includes measuring as shown to determine the
approximate bolt circle of a five-lug wheel.
Automotive Chassis Systems, 5/e
By James D. Halderman
70
WHEELS
71
72
73
TIRE VALVES
74
TIRE VALVES
75
UNSPRUNG WEIGHT
76
LUG NUTS
77
LUG NUTS
SIZE
78
LUG NUTS
LUG STUDS
79
SUMMARY
1.
2.
3.
New tires have between 9/32 in. and 15/32 in. tread depth.
Wear bars (indicators) show up as a bald strip across the
tread of the tire when the tread depth gets down to 2/32 in.
All tires are assembled by hand from many different
materials and chemical compounds. After a green tire is
assembled, it is placed into a mold under heat and
pressure for about 30 minutes. Tread design and the tire
shape are determined by the mold design.
A 205/75R x 14 92S tire is 205 mm wide at its widest
section and is 75% as high as it is wide. The R stands for
radial-type construction. The tire is designed for a 14-in.diameter rim. The number 92 is the load index of the tire
(the higher the number, the more weight the tire can safely
support). The S is the speed rating of the tire (S x 112 mph
maximum sustained).
80
SUMMARY
4.
5.
6.
7.
81
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
82
CHAPTER QUIZ
1. The part of the tire that is under just the tread of a
radial tire is called the ________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Bead
Body (carcass) ply
Belt
Inner liner
83
CHAPTER QUIZ
2. The aspect ratio of a tire means ________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
84
CHAPTER QUIZ
3. A tire is labeled 215/60R15 x 92T; the T indicates
________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
85
CHAPTER QUIZ
4. The 92 in the tire designation in question 3 refers
to the tires ________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Speed rating
Tread wear rating
Load rating
Temperature resistance rating
86
CHAPTER QUIZ
5. Radial tires can cause a vehicle to pull to one
side while driving. This is called radial tire pull
and is often due to ________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
87
CHAPTER QUIZ
6. Tire inflation is very important to the safe and
economical operation of any vehicle. Technician
A says that the pressure should never exceed the
maximum pressure imprinted on the sidewall of
the tire. Technician B says to inflate the tires to
the pressures recommended on the tire
information decal or placard on the drivers door.
Which technician is correct?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
88
CHAPTER QUIZ
7. When purchasing replacement tires, do not
change tire width from the stock size by more
than ________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
10 mm
15 mm
20 mm
25 mm
89
CHAPTER QUIZ
8. What do the letters JJ mean in a wheel
designation size labeled 14 x 7JJ?
a.
b.
c.
d.
90
CHAPTER QUIZ
9. Technician A says that a PAX run-flat tire uses a
special wheel. Technician B says that a standard
tire can be used to replace a PAX run-flat tire.
Which technician is correct?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
91
CHAPTER QUIZ
10. Wheel back spacing is also called ________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Rear spacing
Positive offset
Negative offset
Offset
92