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Open Methods
Bracketing methods are based on assuming an
interval of the function which brackets the root.
The bracketing methods always converge to the
root.
Open methods are based on formulas that
require only a single starting value of x or two
starting values that do not necessarily bracket
the root.
These method sometimes diverge from the true
root.
x0
g ( x) x 2 2
or
g ( x) x 2
or
2.
3.
3.
2
g ( x) 1
x
f(x) = x 2-2x+3 x = g(x)=(x2+3)/2
f(x) = sin x x = g(x)= sin x + x
f(x) = e-x- x x = g(x)= e-x
g (x ) 1
f(x) = e-x - x
f(x)
f(x)=e-x - x
Root
f(x)
f1(x) = x
g(x) = e-x
xi
g(xi)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
1.0
0.367879
0.692201
0.500473
0.606244
0.545396
0.579612
0.560115
0.571143
0.564879
1.0
0.367879
0.692201
0.500473
0.606244
0.545396
0.579612
0.560115
0.571143
0.564879
a%
t%
100
171.8
46.9
38.3
17.4
11.2
5.90
3.48
1.93
1.11
76.3
35.1
22.1
11.8
6.89
3.83
2.2
1.24
0.705
0.399
xi
g(xi)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
1.0
0.367879
0.692201
0.500473
0.606244
0.545396
0.579612
0.560115
0.571143
0.564879
1.0
0.367879
0.692201
0.500473
0.606244
0.545396
0.579612
0.560115
0.571143
0.564879
a%
t%
100
171.8
46.9
38.3
17.4
11.2
5.90
3.48
1.93
1.11
76.3
35.1
22.1
11.8
6.89
3.83
2.2
1.24
0.705
0.399
Example
Input: xo , s, maxi
i=0
a=1.1s
1
while
a< s &
i >maxi
x n g x 0
False
i i 1
xn=0
True
x n xo
100%
xn
x0=xn
Stop
f / ( xi )
Iter.
0
1
2
3
4
xi
0
0.5
0.566311003
0.567143165
0.567143290
t%
100
11.8
0.147
0.00002
<10-8
Input: xo , s, maxi
i=0
a=1.1s
1
while
a >s &
i <maxi
xn x0
False
f x 0
f
'
x 0
i i 1
xn=0
True
x n xo
100%
xn
x0=xn
Stop
Solution
Evaluate 29 to five decimal places by NewtonRaphsons iterative method
Solution
f (x i ) f (x i 1 )
f (x i )
x i x i 1
/
xi 1
f ( xi )( xi 1 xi )
xi
f ( xi 1 ) f ( xi )
xo, x1.
However, because f(x) is not required to change
signs between estimates, it is not classified as a
bracketing method.
f (x u )(x l x u )
f (x l ) f (x u )
Secant Method
x i 1 x i
f (x i )(x i 1 x i )
f (x i 1 ) f (x i )
f(x) must changes signs between xl f(x) is not required to change signs
between xi and xi-1
and xu
Xr replaces whichever of the original
values yielded a function value with
the same sign as f(xr)
Xi+1 replace xi
Xi replace xi-1
Always converge
May be diverge
xl
0.5
0.5
0.5
xu
5.0
1.8546
1.2163
xr
1.8546
1.2163
1.0585
Secant method
2.
Iter
xi-1
xi
0.5
5.0
1.8546
xi+1
1.8546
-0.10438
Comparison of
the true percent
relative Errors Et
for the methods
to the determine
the root of
f(x)=e-x-x
i=0
a=1.1s
1
while
a >s &
i < maxi
x i 1 x i
f (x i )(x i 1 x i )
f (x i 1 ) f (x i )
False
Print: xi , f(xi) ,a , i
i i 1
Xi+1=0
True
x i 1 x i
100%
x i 1
Xi-1=xi
Xi=xi+1
Stop
f (x i x i ) f (x i )
f (x i )
xi
/
x i 1
x i f (x i )
xi
f (x i x i ) f (x i )
f x 0 0.63212
x 0 x 0 1.01
f x 0 x 0 0.64578
x 1 x i 1 x i
x i f (x i )
0.537263
f (x i x i ) f (x i )
t 5.3%
Second Iteration
x 1 0.537263
x 1 x 1 0.542635
f x 1 0.047083
f x 1 x 1 0.038579
x i f (x i )
x 2 x i 1 x i
0.56701
f (x i x i ) f (x i )
t 0.0236%
Multiple Roots
f(x)= (x-3)(x-1)(x-1)(x-1)
= x4- 6x3+ 125 x2- 10x+3
f(x)= (x-3)(x-1)(x-1)
= x3- 5x2+7x -3
f(x)
f(x)
Double roots
1
triple roots
3
x
Multiple Roots
u ( xi )
xi 1 xi /
u ( xi )
/
/
//
f
(
x
)
f
(
x
)
f
(
x
)
f
( xi )
/
i
i
i
u ( xi )
[ f / ( xi )]2
xi 1 xi
f ( xi ) f ( xi )
/
( xi ) f ( xi ) f // ( xi )
xi 1
f ( xi )
xi3 5 xi2 7 xi 3
xi /
xi
f ( xi )
3 xi2 10 x 7
f ( xi ) f / ( xi )
( x ) f ( x ) f
2
//
( xi )
t%
100
57
31
Modified Newton-Raphson
iter
xi
t%
0
0
100
1
1.10526
11
2
1.00308
0.31
3
1.000002
00024
f1(x1,x2,.,xn)=0
f2 (x1,x2,.,xn)=0
fn (x1,x2,.,xn)=0
The solution is a set of x values that
simultaneously get the equations to zero.
u
u
2 x y,
x
x
y
v
v
3y2 ,
1 6 xy
x
y
i
xi
yi
Ui
Vi
ui,x
ui,y
vi,x
vi,y
1.5
3.5
-2.5
1.625
6.5
1.5
36.75
32.5
2.03603
2.84388
-.06435
-4.7560
6.91594
2.03603
24.26296
35.74135
1.9987
3.00229
a,x
a,y
26.3
23.1
1.87
5.27
xi
yi
Ui
Vi
ui,x
ui,y
vi,x
vi,y
1.5
3.5
-2.5
1.625
6.5
1.5
36.75
32.5
2.03603
2.84388
-.06435
-4.7560
6.91594
2.03603
24.26296
35.74135
1.9987
3.00229
a,x
a,y
26.3
23.1
1.87
5.27
Problem
The polynomial f (x) = x3 -6x2 +11x- 6.1 has a real root
between 3 and 5. Apply the Newton-Raphsons method to
this function using an initial guess of x0 = 3.5. Explain your
results
Problem
The polynomial f (x) = x3 -6x2 +11x- 6.1 has a real root
between 3 and 5. Apply the Newton-Raphsons method to
this function using an initial guess of x0 = 3.5. Explain your
results
Problem
The polynomial f (x) = x3 -6x2 +11x- 6.1 has a real root
between 3 and 5. Apply the Newton-Raphsons method to
this function using an initial guess of x0 = 3.5. Explain your
results
Problem
The polynomial f (x) = x3 -6x2 +11x- 6.1 has a real root
between 3 and 5. Apply the Newton-Raphsons method to
this function using an initial guess of x0 = 3.5. Explain your
results
Problem
Find the root of polynomial f (x) = x3 -6x2 +11x- 6.1. Apply
the Secants method to this function using an initial guess
of x-1= 2.5 and x0 = 3.5.
Problem
Find the root of polynomial f (x) = x3 -6x2 +11x- 6.1. Apply
the Secants method to this function using an initial guess
of x-1= 2.5 and x0 = 3.5.
Problem
Find the root of polynomial f (x) = x3 -6x2 +11x- 6.1. Apply
the Secants method to this function using an initial guess
of x-1= 2.5 and x0 = 3.5.