Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRESENTED BY :
JAINAB NAZMA
M.MAHESHWARI
A.SUNITHA
CONTENTS
o OVERVIEW
o INTRODUCTION
o SOURCE
o SLUDGE
TREATMENT DISPOSAL
AND UTILIZATION
o DESIGN OFSEWAGE WATER
TREATMENT PLANT WITH UASB
TECHNOLOGY
o CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT :
To avoid the pollution of receiving water bodies and
thus preventing the health hazards.
To create hygienic environment around the town.
To protect the fish and other aquatic life.
To avoid the sewage sickness of land on to which it is
disposed.
To production of methane, which is used as energy
resources like power generation, used as bio gas.
Utilization of sludge like fertilizers for agriculture field
and for making cement.
Reuse of waters in agriculture lands, domestic
purpose and in industries for cooling.
Reduce the impact of water pollution on environment
industries.
The diagram
Shows usage
Of water by
Household
residential building
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SEWAGE WATER
Physical characteristics :
Color : With the time of the colour of sewage begins to get
black as the decomposition starts. Fresh sewage has
yellowish, grey or light brown colour. The colour of septic
sewage is more or less black.
Biological characteristics :
Sewage contains large quantity of bacteria which
come from excremental matter
All the bacterias present in sewage are not
harmful
Only pathogenic bacteria which are discharged
by the sick persons having infectious disease
such as cholera, typhoid dysentery, diarrhea etc.
are harmful to the human health and give
difficulties at the treatment plants
Chemical characteristics :
Sewage contains complex organic matters
derived from urine, faces etc and inorganic
chemicals .
Normally fresh sewage is alkaline in nature but
tends to acidity as it becomes stale.
Preliminary treatment
Preliminary devices are designed to remove or cut up the
larger suspended and floating solids, to remove the heavy
inorganic solids, and to remove excessive amounts of oils
or greases.
The objective of preliminary treatment is the removal of
coarse solids and other large materials often found in raw
wastewater.
SCREENS
GRIT REMOVAL
PREAREATOIN TANKS
PRIMARY TREATMENT :
In the primary sedimentation stage, sewage flows
through large tanks, commonly called "pre-settling
basins", "primary sedimentation tanks" or "primary
clarifiers".
In this treatment, most of the settle able solids are
separated or removed from the wastewater by the
physical process of sedimentation.
The purpose of primary treatment is to reduce the
velocity of the wastewater sufficiently to permit solids
to settle and floatable material to surface
SECONDARY TREATMENT :
Secondary treatment involves further treatment of the
effluent, coming from the primary sedimentation tank.
Filters (intermittent sand filters and trickling filters)
Aeration tanks
Oxidation ponds and Aerated lagoons
TRICKLING FILTERS
AERATED LAGOONS
TERTIARY TREATMENT
Tertiary treatment consists in removing the organic load
left after the secondary treatment, particularly to kill the
pathogenic bacteria.
This treatment, normally carried out by chlorination, is
generally not carried out for the disposal of sewage in
water, but is carried out , while using the river stream
for collecting the water for re use or for the water
supplies.
It may, however, sometimes be adopted, when the out
fall of the sewage is very nearer to the water intake of
some nearby town.
A complete treatment system may consist of the
application of a number of physical, chemical and
biological processes to the wastewater.
PRILIMINARY TREATMENT
SCREENINGS
Screening is the first unit operation used at waste
water treatment plants (WWTPs). Screening removes
objects such as rags, paper, plastics, and metals to
prevent damage and clogging of downstream
equipment, piping, and appurtenances.
COARSE SCREENS :
Coarse screens are also known as Racks. Coarse
screens remove large solids, rags, and debris
from wastewater, and typically have openings of
50 mm (0.25 in) or larger.
Types of coarse screens
include mechanically
and manually cleaned
bar screens, including
trash racks.
FINE SCREENS
Fine screens are typically used to remove material that
may create operation and maintenance problems in
downstream processes, particularly in systems that
lack primary treatment.
Typical opening sizes for fine screens are 1.5 to 6 mm
(0.06 to 0.25 in).Very fine screens with openings of 0.2
to 1.5 mm (0.01 to 0.06 in) placed after coarse or fine
screens can reduce suspended solids to levels near
those achieved by primary clarification.
DETRITUS TANKS
Detritus tanks are nothing but rectangular grit
chamber , design to flow with a smaller flow velocity
and longer detention periods (about 3to 4 minutes)so
as to separate out not only the larger grit, etc., but
also to separate out the very fine sand particles, etc.
Due to this, a large amount of organic matter will also
settle out along with the inorganic grit, sand, etc.
PRE-AERATION TANKS :
Pre-aeration of wastewater, that is aeration before
primary treatment is sometimes provided for the
following purposes:
To obtain a greater removal of suspended solids in
sedimentation tanks.
To assist in the removal of grease and oil carried in the
wastewater.
To freshen up septic wastewater prior to further
treatment.
BOD reduction.
PRIMARY TREATMENT
SEDIMENTATION OR CLARIFIERS
The screens and grit chambers to remove most of the
floating materials like paper, rags, cloth, wood etc.
and the heavy inorganic settleable solids from the
sewage.
However, a part of the suspended organic solids
which are too heavy to be removed as floating
matters, and too light to be removed by grit
chambers, are generally removed by the
sedimentation tank.
SECONDARY TREATMENT
Secondary treatment involves further treatment of the
effluent, coming from the primary sedimentation tank.
This is generally accomplished through the biological
decomposition of organic matter, which can be carried out
either under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
ADVANTAGES
Lower energy requirement combined with the
production of biogas
Low nutrient requirement
High degree of waste stabilization
Handling high organic loading rates
Lower production of excess sludge, which in addition, is
well-stabilized and therefore easier to dispose.
DISADVANTAGES
requires skilled operation.
Capital cost is high.
METHANE FORMATION
The methane producing bacteria have proven to be
very difficult to isolate and study.
The conversion of organic matter into methane no
doubt proceeds through a long series of complex
biochemical steps.
Although almost nothing is known of the individual
steps involved.
One source of methane is the direct cleavage of
acetic acid into methane and carbon dioxide.
Major Mechanisms of Methane Formation
LAGOONS
Lagoons are one of the most popular methods for
wastewater treatment around the world they are also
among the simplest and least expensive.
Lagoons are especially well suited to small
communities because they can cost less to construct,
operate, and are simpler to maintain than other
systems.
They require more land than other wastewater
treatment methods, but land is usually more available
and less expensive in rural areas
LAGOON SYSTEMS
Lagoons are pond-like bodies of water or basins designed to
receive, hold, and treat wastewater for a predetermined
period of time.
If necessary, they are lined with material, such as clay or an
artificial liner, to prevent leaks to the groundwater below
ANAEROBIC LAGOONS
The word anaerobic means "without oxygen", which
describes the conditions inside this type of lagoon.
Anaerobic lagoons are most often used to treat animal
wastes from dairies and pig farms, commercial or
industrial wastes, or as the first treatment step in
systems using two or more lagoons in a series.
AEROBIC LAGOONS
Dissolved oxygen is present throughout much of the
depth of aerobic lagoons.
They tend to be much shallower than other lagoons, so
sunlight and oxygen from air and wind can better
penetrate the wastewater.
In general, they are better suited for warm,sunny
climates, where they are less likely to freeze.
Wastewater usually must remain in aerobic lagoons
from 3 to 50 days to receive adequate treatment
FACULTATIVE LAGOONS
Like environmental conditions, conditions inside the
facultative lagoons are always changing.
Lagoons experience cycles due to variations in the weather,
the composition of the wastewater, and other factors.
In general, the wastewater in facultative lagoons naturally
settles into three fairly distinct layers or zones.
Different conditions exist in each zone, and wastewater
treatment takes place in all three
Facultative lagoon
AERATED LAGOONS
Aerated lagoons are common in small communities.
These systems use aerators to mix the contents of the
pond and add oxygen to the wastewater.
They are sometimes referred to as partial-mix or
complete-mix lagoons depending on the extent of
aeration.
Partial-mix aerated lagoons are often anaerobic
lagoons that have been adapted and upgraded to
receive more wastewater
Aerated lagoons
DISADVANTAGES
Lagoon systems require more land than other
treatment methods.
They are less efficient in cold climates and may require
additional land or longer
SLUDGE TREATMENT
DISPOSAL AND UTILIZATION
The sludge accumulated in a wastewater treatment
process must be treated and disposed of in a safe and
effective manner.
The purpose of digestion is to reduce the amount of
organic matter and the number of disease-causing
microorganisms present in the solids.
SLUDGE DISPOSAL
The solids that result from wastewater treatment may
contain concentrated levels of contaminants that were
originally contained in the wastewater.
A great deal of concern must be directed to the proper
disposal of these solids to protect environmental
considerations.
DISPOSAL IN WATER
This is an economical but not common method because
it is contingent on the availability of bodies of water
adequate to permit it.
At some seacoast cities, sludge either raw or digested is
pumped to barges and carried to sea to be dumped in
deep water far enough off shore to provide huge dilution
factors and prevent any ill effects along shore.
Disposal on Land
Under land disposal the following methods may be
included:
Burial
Fill
Application as fertilizer or soil conditioner
SLUDGE UTILIZATION
Sludge Utilization for Construction Work as Cement
Ingredient
About 26% of generated sludge in 2002 was utilized as
Cement Ingredient. Inorganic matter of sewage sludge
comprises silica, aluminum, calcium, iron, etc. and the clay,
which is used as cement ingredient, comprises the same
elements.
Then, after generated sludge is dehydrated and
incinerated, incinerator ash is used as cement ingredient.
Also, dewatered sludge, which contains organic matter and
inorganic substance, is utilized as fuel for cement burning
and cement ingredient.
Sludge Utilization for Construction Work
About 20% of generated sludge in 2002 was utilized for
Construction Work.
In Japan, dewatered sludge is incinerated to reduce its
volume, and incinerator ash is used as soil stabilization
additive, roadbed material, etc.
TERTIARY TREATMENT
Chlorine house
Chlorination mix tank
Chlorination contact tank
CHLORINE HOUSE :
Chlorine house
CHLORINATION PROCESS
Chlorination of wastewater is the application of chlorine to a
wastewater to accomplish some definite purpose.
The purpose of chlorination may not always be disinfection
and may, in fact, involve odor control or some other objective
which will be noted.
Chlorine may be applied in two general ways, gaseous and
liquid. In general, the effective chemical form of chlorine that
either destroys the microbe or acts against odor, etc., is the
same
REUSE OF IRRIGATION :
Irrigation reuse of wastewater can be for application
on:
(I) agricultural crops, woodlots and pastures.
(ii) Landscape and recreational areas.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Design of sewage water treatment plants based on the
various factors they are
DESIGN PERIOD : The treatment plant, like the sewage
system, is normally designed to meet the requirements over
a 15 year period after its completion.
The time lag between the design and the completion should
not normally exceed 2-3 years, and exceptional case 5
years.
Care must be taken that the plant is not considerably under
loaded in the initial stages, particularly the sedimentation
tank.
POPULATION FORECAST : The population are increased by
births, decreased by deaths, increased by migration and
increased by annexation. These all four factors change in
population.
TOPOGRAPHY
Topographic conditions e.g. the slope of an area etc.
have an influence over the type of technology chosen
and these conditions change from one site to the next.
Some areas have a topography that allows easier
implementation of wastewater technologies then
others.
The types of wastewater technologies chosen with
consideration of topographic conditions work more
efficiently as with these technical considerations in
mind they become more effective, producing better
quality effluent.
Topographic conditions should be considered as a
criterion however is not included in the rating sheet as
it is very site specific.
CONCLUSION
In these days it is very essential to treat waste
water because it pollutes the environment.
The sewage treatment scheme includes, primary
treatment in the form of screening, grit removal,
followed by UASB and facultative type of aerated
lagoon.
Historical evolution of the application of the UASB
based STPs in India and subsequent modifications
over the years with respect to the design, material
of construction, operation and maintenance have
given a new dimension to this technology.
Reduced capital costs, increased durability of the
reactors and simple operation and maintenance
are some of the features of these modifications.
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