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Topographical Measurements to be
Remembered
Location of the ora 7.5 to 8 mm from
the limbus.
Equator 13.7 mm from the limbus
I mm less nasally
1 mm more temporally
Pemeriksaan :
Penampakan uvea, vitreus atau lensa
Tes Seidel positif
Tampak benda asing intraokuler
Benda asing intra okuler tampak pada
pemeriksaan rotgent orbita dan ultrasonografi.
Repair korneosklera.
Tujuan primer repair korneosklera adalah memperbaiki
integritas bola mata. Tujuan sekunder adalah untuk
memperbaiki visus. Bila prognosis visus kurang baik dan
mempunyai resiko simpatis oftalmia, dilakukan enukleasi.
Enukleasi primer lebih baik, bila perlu ditunda tidak lebih dari
14 hari untuk mencegah simpatis oftalmia. Kemudian diikuti
pemeriksaan fungsi visus, vitreoretina atau konsultasi ke sub
bagian plastik dan rekonstruksi.
Anestesi.
Anastesi umum dipergunakan untuk repair bola mata, sebab
anestesi retrobulbar atau peribulbar akan meningkatkan
tekanan bola mata. Diberikan muscle relaxant yang cukup
untuk menghindari prolapnya isi bola mata.
Repair sekunder
Pengangkatan benda asing intraokular, repair iris, ekstraksi
katarak, vitrektomi, insersi lensa intraokular dan krioterapi
pada robekan retina merupakan indikasi setelah repair
primer laserasi korneo sklera. Keputusan perlu diambil
untuk melakukan atau tidak melakukan tindakan setelah
operasi primer tergantung fasilitas yang ada, instrument,
terlihat atau tidak struktur segmen anterior dan pembuatan
informed consent.
Bila kekeruhan lensa bertambah, inflamasi intraokular akan
bertambah parah, kesempatan untuk meletakkan lensa
intraokular akan hilang. Penderita akan merasa sakit
Bila benda asing terlihat disegmen anterior, sebaiknya
diangkat melalui lubang luka atau insisi limbal.
Effects of suture placement for corneal lacerations. A. For sharp perpendicular wounds, deep
suture placement equidistant from the wound margins gives excellent wound approximation.
B. Shallow sutures create internal wound gape. C. Full-thickness sutures may create a conduit
for microbial invasion. D. Sutures of unequal depth create wound override. F. For shelved
lacerations, sutures should be placed equidistant with respect to the internal aspect of the
wound to ahcieve good wound apposition.
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Nama Obat
sediaan
Lama kerja
midriasis
Lama kerja
sikloplegik
Atropin
0,5%, 1%
30-40 mnt
ED,1% EO,
1% midriatik
injeksi
1 hari
7-10 hari
2 minggu
Siklopentolat
0,5%, 1%
ED
15-30 mnt
15-30 mnt
24 jam
24 jam
Tropikamid
(mydriatil)
0,5%,1%
ED
15-30 mnt
25 mnt
4-6 jam
6 jam
Homatropine
1%,2% ED
30-60 mnt
30-60 mnt
1-2 hari
1-2 hari
36
Fluoroquinolones
Nalidixic acid
Ciprofloxacin
Ofloxacin
Levofloxacin
Moxifloxacin
gratifloxacin
DEWASA 1500 IU IM
ANAK- ANAK 750 IU IM
Grade 3: A red reflex is present, with no retinal detail seen posterior to the equator, precluding any
photocoagulation
This proposed classification is based not upon the actual amount of blood in the
vitreous, but on visibility of the underlying retina. These objective endpoints have
been utilized in two major phase 3 clinical trials with excellent clinical and
photographic reproducibility.6-8 The clinical trials valuated and followed patients
with VH of over 1 month duration, following an intravitreal injection of ovine
hyaluronidase (Vitrase, ISTA Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Irvine, Calif).9 Decrease (or
change) of VH, using the proposed VH grading scale, was used as a secondary
endpoint in these studies, with 125 patients evaluated by 137 separate
investigative sites over multiple visits. As one of the secondary endpoints in a
phase 3 clinical trial, the VH grading scale was validated and found to be
reproducible between multiple centers prior to its use in phase 3 trials.
THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
The current therapeutic options for VH in PDR include observation and vitrectomy. According to
the DVRS, a patient with a non- clearing VH for 3 months is a candidate for pars plana
vitrectomy (PPV), although some surgeons may operate sooner.4,5,15,16 Although a PPV is usually
a technically easy procedure to perform, it is not without risk.
Most Grade 3-4 hemorrhages are visually significant enough to warrant intervention but not to
justify early vitrectomy; therefore, these eyes may be amenable to less invasive emerging
pharmacotherapy. Based upon recently reported phase 3 clinical trials6,7 and other
publications17,18, Grade 3-4 hemorrhages may benefit from intravitreal injection of ovine
hyaluronidase9 rather than extended observation. Vitrase has been shown to statistically
reduce VH densities within 1 month of injection in the phase 3 clinical trials. 6,7 Advanced grades
of VH may have longer clinical courses, poorer visual outcomes, and may benefit from early
surgical intervention.16 The Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study and others demonstrated
that early vitrectomy significantly increased the likelihood of a good visual outcome.4,5
In summary, we present a clinically useful diagnostic scale to standardize the grading of VH
based upon specified amounts of retinal detail visible. Secondarily, we discuss its impact on
the treatment of the underlying disease process. This scale will be useful in facilitating
communication between healthcare professionals, and ultimately, in developing a VH
treatment algorithm