Types of chemical bonds

Bond: Force that holds groups of two or more atoms

together and makes the atoms function as a unit.
Example:

H-O-H

Bond Energy: Energy required to break a bond.

Ionic Bond: Attractions between oppositely charged ions.
Example:

Na+ Cl-

Types of chemical bonds

Ionic Compound: A compound resulting from a positive ion
(usually a metal) combining with a negative ion (usually
a non-metal).
Example:
M+ + X- MX
Covalent Bond: Electrons are shared by nuclei.
Example:
H-H
Polar Covalent Bond: Unequal sharing of electrons by
nuclei.
Example:
H-F
Hydrogen fluoride is an example of a molecule that has
bond polarity.

Lewis structures
Lewis Structure: Representation of a molecule that shows
how the valence electrons are arranged among the atoms
in the molecule.
Bonding involves the valence electrons of atoms.
Example:
Na
H-H

Lewis structures of
elements

Dots around elemental symbol

Symbolize valence electrons

Thus, one must know valence electron

configuration

Lewis Structures of
molecules
Single Bond: Two atoms sharing one electron pair.
Example: H2
Double Bond: Two atoms sharing two pairs of electrons.
Example: O2
Triple Bond: Two atoms sharing three pairs of electrons.
Example: N2
Resonance Structures: More than one Lewis Structure can
be drawn for a molecule.
Example: O3

Rules for Lewis structures of

molecules
1.
2.

Write out valence electrons for each atom

Connect lone electrons because lone
electrons are destabilizing

1. Become two shared electrons

1. Called a bond

3.

Check to see if octet rule is satisfied

1. Recall electron configuration resembling noble

gas
1.

In other words, there must be 8 electrons (bonded

or non-bonded) around atom
1. Non-bonded electron-pair
1.
Called lone pair

Lets do some examples

on the board

H2
Duet rule

F2
Octet rule

O2
N2

Lewis structures
Example
Write the Lewis Structure for the following
molecules:
1)
H2O
2)
CCl4
1) Where does the carbon go & why?
3)
4)
5)

PH3
H2Se
C2H6

Lewis structures
continued
6)
7)
8)
9)

CO2
C2H4
C2H2
SiO2

Polyatomic ions

If positive charge on ion

If negative charge on ion

Take away electron from central species

Add electron to central species

Example:

H3O+

Your turn

NH4+
ClOOH-

Resonance structures

When structures can be written in

more than one way
O3

Actual molecule is in-between

Resonance hybrid

Another example
HCO3

What would its resonance hybrid look like?

Practice

NO2NO3-

Practice

H2O2
H3O+

Aberrant compounds

Odd-electron species
NO
NO2

Aberrant compounds

Incomplete octet
BH3

Aberrant compounds

Expanded octet
Some central atoms can exceed an octet

Third period and higher elements can

do this
E.g., Al, Si, P, S, Cl, As, Br, Xe, etc.
d-orbitals can accommodate extra
electrons

Examples

AsI5
XeF2

Practice

SCl6
XeF4

Practice

SO32PO33SO2
SO3
H2SeO4

Electronegativity
Electronegativity: The relative ability of an atom in a
molecule to attract shared electrons to itself.
Example: Fluorine has the highest electronegativity.
Similar electronegativities between elements give nonpolar covalent bonds (0.0-0.4)
Different electronegativities between elements give
polar covalent bonds (0.5-1.9)
If the difference between the electronegativities of two
elements is about 2.0 or greater, the bond is ionic

Electronegativity
Example
For each of the following pairs of bonds,
choose the bond that will be more polar.
Al-P vs. Al-N
C-O vs. C-S

Dipole moment

Dipole Moment
A molecule that has a center of positive
charge and a center of negative charge
Will line up on electric field
In Debye units
1 D = 3.34 x 10-30 C m

Examples

F2
CO2
H2O
NH3
BF3
CCl4

Molecular polarity

Net-dipole moment leads to molecular

polarity
Thus the following two that have netdipole moments are polar:
H2O
NH3

Molecular structure
Molecular Structure: or geometric structure refers to the
three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms in a
molecule.
Bond Angle: The angle formed between two bonds in a
molecule.

Molecular structure:
VSEPR
The VSEPR Model: The valence shell electron pair
repulsion model is useful for predicting the molecular
structures of molecules formed from nonmetals.
The structure around a given atom is determined by
minimizing repulsions between electron pairs.
The bonding and nonbonding electron pairs (lone pairs)
around a given atom are positioned as far apart as
possible.

Molecular Structure:
VSEPR
Steps for Predicting Molecular Structure Using the VSEPR
Model
1. Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule.
2. Count the electron pairs and arrange them in the way
that minimizes repulsion (that is, put the lone pairs as
far apart as possible).
3. Determine the positions of the atoms from the way the
electron pairs are shared.
4. Determine the name of the molecular structure from the
positions of the atoms.

Example

Br2
CO2
CF4
PF3

Your turn

NH4+
XeF4
AsI5
SF3 +
I3 -