Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Professor Z Ghassemlooy
Northumbria Communications Laboratory
School of Informatics, Engineering and
Technology
The University of Northumbria
U.K.
http://soe.unn.ac.uk/ocr
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Contents
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Connectors
A mechanical or optical device that provides a
demountable connection between two fibers or a fiber and
a source or detector.
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Connectors - contd.
Type: SC, FC, ST, MU, SMA
Favored with single-mode fibre
Multimode fibre
(50/125um) and (62.5/125um)
Loss
0.15 - 0.3 dB
Return loss
55 dB (SMF), 25 dB (MMF)
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Connectors - contd.
Single-mode fiber
Multi-mode fiber (50/125)
Multi-mode fiber (62.5/125)
Low insertion loss & reflection
Optical Splices
Mechanical
Ends of two pieces of fiber are cleaned and stripped, then carefully butted
together and aligned using a mechanical assembly. A gel is used at the
point of contact to reduce light reflection and keep the splice loss at a
minimum. The ends of the fiber are held together by friction or
compression, and the splice assembly features a locking mechanism so
that the fibers remained aligned.
Fusion
Involves actually melting (fusing) together the ends of two pieces of fiber.
The result is a continuous fiber without a break.
Attenuators
Singlemode Variable Attenuator
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Attenuators - contd.
Dual window
In line attenuator
Bandpass 1310/1550nm
FC, SC, ST, and D4 styles
Wavelength independent
Polarization insensitive
Low modal noise
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Optical Couplers
Optic couplers either split optical signals into multiple paths or
combine multiple signals on one path.
The number of input (N)/ output (M) ports, (i.e.s N x M size)
characterizes a coupler.
Fused couplers can be made in any configuration, but they
commonly use multiples of two (2 x 2, 4 x 4, 8 x 8, etc.).
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Coupler
Uses
Splitter: (50:50)
Taps: (90:10) or (95:05)
Combiners
An important issue:
two output differ p/2 in phase
Applications:
Optical Switches,
Mach Zehnder Interferometers,
Optical amplifiers,
passive star couplers, ...
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Coupler Configuration
P2
P3
P1
P2
P3
P1
1
2
3
1
2
n
1 n
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P0
P4
P2
z
P3
P2 = P0 sin2 kz
P1 = P0 - P2 = P0 cos2 kz
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A directional coupler
Different performance
couplers can be made by
varying the length,
size for specific
wavelength.
G Keiser
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Couplers - Fabrication
Multimode Fibres
Higher order modes are trapped at the outer surface of the cladding: thus
becoming cladding modes
Lower order modes remain in the original fibre (as the incident angles are still
> the critical angle)
Cladding modes
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Couplers - Fabrication
Single Fibres
100% coupling
The coupling length for 1.55 m > the coupling length for
1.3 m:
100 % of light coupling for 1.3 m to the core of fibre B, and to the core of
fibre A.
100% of light coupling for 1.55 m to the core of fibre B
Source: Australian Photonics CRC
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Couplers - Fabrication
The amount of power transmitted into fibres depend on the
coupling length
The coupling length changes with the wavelength.
The splitting ratio can be tuned choosing the coupling
length.
By choosing carefully the coupler length, it is possible to
combine or separate Two different wavelengths
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In dB
Excess Loss
P2
CR 10 log10
P1 P2
For 2 x 2 coupler
Input power Pi
Le
Total outputpowe r PT out
P0
Le 10 log10
P1 P2
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Power input
Pi
In dB
P0
Liso 10 log10
P3
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a1
Input
field
strengths
a2
s21
s12
b1
Output
field
strengths
b2
s22
b Sa
where
s11
a1
b1
b , a , and S
a2
s21
b2
s12
s22
There are altogether eight possible ways(two ways) for the light
to travel.
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Eo ,1 1 1
j
E
2
o , 2
j Ei ,1
1 Ei , 2
Po,1 Eo,1E*o,1 12 E 2i ,1 12 P0
Po,2 Eo,2 E*o,2 12 E 2i ,1 12 P0
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Fibre
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Star Couplers
Optical couplers with more than four ports.
Types of star couplers:
transmission star coupler
the light at any of the input port is split equally through all output ports.
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P1
PN
Coupling ratio
1
CR 10 log 10 10 log 10 N
N
Pin
L
e 10 log10
Excess loss
N
out
,
i
i
1
Power at any one output Po,i ( P1 P2 .......PN )
n
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Star Coupler - 8 X 8
Star couplers are optical couplers with more than four ports
1
2
1, 2, ... 8
3
4
N/2
5
6
7
8
1, 2, ... 8
log 2 N
No of 3 dB coupler
N c3dB
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N
log2 N
2
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Le 10 log10 ( Fplog2 N )
Excess loss
Coupling ratio
(splitting loss)
1
CR 10 log 10 10 log 10 N
N
25
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Y- Couplers
Y-junctions are 1 x 2 couplers and are a key element in networking.
I1
Ii
I2
1 X 8 coupler
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Coupler - Characteristics
Design class No. of
port
CR
Le
(dB)
Isolation
directivity
(-dB)
2x2
Single mode
0.1-0.5
0.07-1.0
40 to 55
2x2
Multimode
0.5
1-2
35 to 40
NxN
Star
3-32
0.33-0.03 0.5-8.0
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Splitters
The simplest couplers are fiber optic splitters.
They possess at least three ports but may have more than 32 for more
complex devices.
Popular splitting ratios include 50%-50%, 90%-10%, 95%-5% and 99%-1%;
however, almost any custom value can be achieved.
Excess loss: assures that the total output is never as high as the input. It
hinders the performance. All couplers and splitters share this parameter.
They are symmetrical. For instance, if the same coupler injected 50 W into
the 10% output leg, only 5 W would reach the common port.
Output
Output
Input
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Optical Filters
Passband
- Insertion loss
- Ripple
- Wavelengths
(peak, center, edges)
- Bandwidths
(0.5 dB, 3 dB, ..)
- Polarization dependence
i-1
Crosstalk
Passband
i+1
Stopband
- Crosstalk rejection
- Bandwidths
- (20 dB, 40 dB, ..)
Crosstalk
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Incoming
Spectrum
Transmitted
Spectrum
Reflected Spectrum
30 dB
Layers
Substrate
1535 nm
1555 nm
32
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wavelength
Detector
Optical fibre
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Dz
Dz
Optical Fibre
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Optical Isolators
Only allows transmission in one direction through it Main
application: To protect lasers and optical amplifiers from
returning reflected light, which can cause instabilities
Insertion loss:
Low loss (0.2 to 2 dB) in forward direction
High loss in reverse direction:
20 to 40 dB single stage, 40 to 80 dB dual stage)
Return loss:
More than 60 dB without connectors
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Principle of operation
Horizontal
polarisation
Vertical
polarisation
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Linear
polarisation
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Optical Circulators
Based on optical crystal technology similar to isolators
Insertion loss 0.3 to 1.5 dB, isolation 20 to 40 dB
->
->
->
Port 2
Port 3
Port 1
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Slow
FBG
Fast
Input
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Output
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C1
C2
1, 2, 3, ... i
FBG
Drop i
Add i
Common
Add / Drop
Filter reflects
i
Agilent Tech. LW Div.
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Optical ADMux
Utilizes the full spectrum of the C and L band: 160 channels / single fibre
pair
Allows for the direct interface and transport of data rates from 100 Mbps
to 10 Gbps
Transports up to 160 OC-192 signals with a capacity of 1.6 Tb/s
Transmit wavelength adapoter
Optical amplifier:
- Gain 25 dB
- Noise figure 5 dB
Network management
Optical supervisory channel
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Span Performance:
13 spans with 25 dB loss per span (OC-48)
10 spans with 25 dB loss per span (OC-192)
Bit Error Rate: Better than 10-16
Dispersion Tolerance:
600 to 900 ps/nm at 10 Gbps
> 12,000 ps/nm at 2.5 Gbps
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1a 2a 3a 4a
1b 2b 3b 4b
1c 2c 3c 4c
1d 2d 3d 4d
Rows ..
Object
plane
FPR
FPR
Free Propagation
Region(normally a lens)
.. translate into ..
N X N demultiplexer
1 X N demultiplexer!
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Image
plane
1a 4b 3c 2d
2a 1b 4c 3d
3a 2b 1c 4d
4a 3b 2c 1d
.. columns
AWG - contd.
Each experience a different phase shift because of
different lengths of waveguide.
Phase shifts wavelength are dependent.
Thus, different channels focus to different output WG, on
exit.
N-input and N-output fibres
Single input: wavelength demultiplexer!
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Multiplexers
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This extra channel, at 1510 nm, carries all the management information.
It also transports Electrical Order Wire (EOW) data channels, service
channels, and control commands for house keeping contacts.
Alcatel 1640 Line Terminal block diagram
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Multiplexers
Transmission lengths of more than 900 km can be
achieved on a 0.25 dB/km fibre.
The 240 channels using 3 optical bands:
C (15301570 nm)
L (15701610 nm)
S (14501490 nm)
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References
http://oldsite.vislab.usyd.edu.au/photonics/index.html
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Next Lectures
Optical amplifier
Optical Switches
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