ANATOMI DALAM PERGERAKAN

MANUSIA

ANATOMI DALAM PERGERAKAN MANUSIA

SISTEM RANGKA
Tulang
Rawan
Ligamen
Tendon
SISTEM SENDI
SISTEM OTOT

PENGENALAN TULANG
206 Tulang dalam tubuh orang
dewasa
Jumlah berat sistem rangka
seorang dewasa merupakan
14 % daripada jumlah berat
badannya
- Meliputi tulang
tengkorak, tulang badan,
tulang anggota
Bahan Asas : Protein & Mineral
( Kalsium & Posforus )
Komponen : 50 % Air & 50 %
Bahan Pejal
( Organan 2/3 , Bukan Organan
1/3 )

KANDUNGAN TULANG
Bahan Organik : Sel-sel tulang, serat dan bahan dasar termasuk
glikoprotein, glikosaminoglikin
Bahan Bukan Organik : garam mineral seperti kalsium karbonat dan
kalsium fostat.
Kalsium dan fosfurus adalah bahan-bahan mineral yang membentuk
struktur badan manusia.
Gabungan kedua-dua bahan ini menjadi tulang keras dan tegap.
Setiap tulang merupakan organ kepada sistem rangka.
Pembentukan tulang adalah dari tisu-tisu yang kuat dan aktif
Terbentuk dan bertindakbalas mengikut fungsi.
Saiz & bentuk yang membezakan antara tulang

TENDON
- Merupakan tisu
bergentian yang berwarna
putih
- Ia adalah jalur tisu yang
kuat
- Tendon melekatkan otot
pada tulang
- Tendon bersifat tidak
kenyal tetapi tidak boleh
melentur
Cth. : melekatkan bisep
pada tulang radius
melekatkan otot trisep pada
tulang ulna

RAWAN
Pejal tetapi elastik.
Cth. : cuping telinga,
hujung hidung, hujung
tulang
Peranan :- Rangka
penyokong dalam
peringkat embriomenyerap hentakan

LIGAMEN
Merupakan tisu bergentian
yang berwarna putih atau
kuning pucat
Tisu ini adalah liat dan kuat
Ligamen menghubungkan
tulang-tulang yang bersendi
-merupakan tisu yang
menghubung satu tulang
dengan tulang yang lain

JENIS-JENIS TULANG
Tulang panjang (Long Bone)
Tulang pendek (Short Bone)
Tulang leper ( Flat Bone)
Tulang tidak tentu bentuk ( Irregular
Bone)
Tulang bulat (Round Bone)

Tulang Panjang (Long Bone)

- Berbentuk panjang
dan lurus
- Kedua-dua hujung
membengkak
(epiphysis) .
Contoh : humerus,
femur, radius, ulna dan
tibula.

Tulang Pendek (Short Bone)

Berbentuk kiub dengan
panjang dan lebar
hampir sama.

Contoh : tarsals carpals,

meta tarsal phalanges.

Tulang tidak tentu bentuk (Irregular Bone)

- Mempunyai berbagai
bentuk.
- Bercantum dengan
tulang-tulang yang lain.
Contoh Veterbrae

Tulang bulat (Round Bone- Sesamoid

bone)
- Bersaiz kecil
Contoh : patella

Tulang Leper (Flat bone)

Mempunyai permukaan
yang lebar
Contoh : scull, scapula,
sternum, pelvis.

FUNGSI TULANG

Penyokong
Pergerakan
Perlindungan
Penghasilan Darah Merah
Tempat Menyimpan Sumber Mineral

Penyokong
Membentuk sistem
rangka tubuh
Memberi perlekatan
kepada otot dan
ligamen
Menyokong tisu-tisu
lembut

Pergerakan
Pelekatan otot untuk
membantu proses
pergerakan dan proses
kontrasi bagi
menghasilkan
pergerakan
Contoh : memegang,
melentur, menarik, dan
menolak.

Perlindungan
Melindungi organ-organ
penting daripada
mengalami kecederaan.

Contoh : skull atau

cranium melindungi
otak.
ribs melindungi
jantung dan paru-paru.

Penghasilan Sel Darah Merah

Sel-sel darah merah serta
sebahagian sel darah
putih dihasilkan melalui
proses Hemopoiesis atau
Hemotopaisis
Tempat Menyimpan
Sumber Mineral
Menyimpan fosforus,
sodium, kalsium,
potessium dan mineral lain
bagi menghasilkan ostoblas
(sel pembina tulang)

JOINTS Areas of the body where two

or more bones meet.
BONE
CARTILAGE Strong,
flexible tissue found in joints.
LIGAMENTS Tissue
connecting bone to bone.
MUSCLE
TENDON Tissue
connecting muscle to bone.

TYPES OF JOINTS
Ball and Socket Joint: Joint with the widest
range of motion.
EXAMPLES: Hip and Shoulder

TYPES OF JOINTS
Gliding Joint: Joint with a large range of
motion (up/down and side/side).
EXAMPLES: Ankle and Wrist

TYPES OF JOINTS
Hinge Joint: Joint with limited motion
(up/down).
EXAMPLES: Knee and Elbow

TYPES OF JOINTS
Fuse or Immoveable Joint: Joint with no
range of motion.
EXAMPLE: Cranium

Fused Joints

Muscles
13.8 Muscles are effectors which enable
movement to be carried out

Muscle
Is responsible for almost all the movements in
animals
3 types
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

Involuntary
controlled by
autonomic
nervous system

voluntary
Skeletal muscle
controlled by
(aka striped or
somatic nervous
striated muscle)
system

Muscles & the Skeleton

Skeletal muscles cause the skeleton to move
at joints
They are attached to skeleton by tendons.
Tendons transmit muscle force to the bone.
Tendons are made of collagen fibres & are
very strong & stiff

Antagonistic Muscle Action

Muscles are either contracted or relaxed
When contracted the muscle exerts a
pulling force, causing it to shorten
Since muscles can only pull (not push), they
work in pairs called antagonistic muscles
The muscle that bends the joint is called
the flexor muscle
The muscle that straightens the joint is
called the extensor muscle

Elbow Joint
The best known example of antagonistic
muscles are the bicep & triceps muscles
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Muscle Structure
A single muscle e.g. biceps
contains approx 1000
muscle fibres.
These fibres run the whole
length of the muscle
Muscle fibres are joined
together at the tendons

Bicep
Muscle

Muscle Structure
Each muscle fibre is actually a
single muscle cell
This cell is approx 100 m in
diameter & a few cm long
These giant cells have many
nuclei
Their cytoplasm is packed full of
myofibrils
These are bundles of protein
filaments that cause contraction
Sarcoplasm (muscle cytoplasm)
also contains mitochondria to
provide energy for contraction

nuclei

stripes

m
yofibrils

Sarcomere = the basic contractile unit

Muscle Structure
The E.M shows that each myofibril is made up of repeating
dark & light bands
In the middle of the dark band is the M-line
In the middle of the light band is the Z-line
The repeating unit from one Z-line to the next is called the
sarcomere

1 myofibril

Z dark light M
line bandsbands line

1sarcom
ere

Muscle Structure
A very high resolution E.M reveals that each myofibril is
made up of parallel filaments.
There are 2 kinds of filament called thick & thin filaments.
These 2 filaments are linked at intervals called cross
bridges, which actually stick out from the thick filaments

Thick
filament

Thin
filament

Cross
bridges

The Thick Filament (Myosin)

Consists of the protein
called myosin.
A myosin molecule is
shaped a bit like a golf
club, but with 2 heads.
The heads stick out to
form the cross bridge
Many of these myosin
molecules stick together
to form a thick filament

onem
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m
olecule

m
yosintails

m
yosinheads
(crossbridges)

Thin Filament (Actin)

The thin filament consists of a protein called
actin.
The thin filament also contains tropomyosin.
This protein is involved in the control of muscle
contraction

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Sarcomere = the basic contractile unit

The Sarcomere
Z
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I Band = actin
filaments

Anatomy of a Sarcomere
The thick filaments produce the dark A band.
The thin filaments extend in each direction from
the Z line.
Where they do not overlap the thick filaments, they
create the light I band.
The H zone is that portion of the A band where the
thick and thin filaments do not overlap.
The entire array of thick and thin filaments between
the Z lines is called a sarcomere

Sarcomere shortens when muscle

contracts
Shortening of the
sarcomeres in a
myofibril produces
the shortening of
the myofibril
And, in turn, of the
muscle fibre of
which it is a part

Mechanism of muscle contraction

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The above micrographs show

that
the
sarcomere
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gets shorter when the muscle contracts
The light (I) bands become shorter
The dark bands (A) bands stay the same length

The Sliding Filament Theory

So, when the muscle contracts, sarcomeres
become smaller
However the filaments do not change in
length.
Instead they slide past each other (overlap)
So actin filaments slide between myosin
filaments
and the zone of overlap is larger

Repetition of the cycle

One ATP molecule is split by each cross bridge in
each cycle.
This takes only a few milliseconds
During a contraction 1000s of cross bridges in
each sarcomere go through this cycle.
However the cross bridges are all out of synch, so
there are always many cross bridges attached at
any one time to maintain force.
http://199.17.138.73/berg/ANIMTNS/SlidFila.htm