DIRECTING

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Meaning

and
Definition

Directing tools and

techniques
Leadership
Motivation
Communication
Supervision

Co-ordination
Meaning
Types

MEANING AND DEFINITION

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Guided, instructed, and

inspired to make people
work as per the plan.
Directing is the base to
achieve better
coordination.

DIRECTING
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Meaning and Definition

Directing

tools and
techniques

Communication
Supervision
Motivation
Leadership
Co-ordination

Meaning
Types

COMMUNICATION
Communication is a basic
organisational function, which refers to
the process by which aperson (known
as sender) transmits information or
messages to another person (knownas
receiver). The purpose of
communication in organisations is to
convey orders,instructions, or
information so as to bring desired
changes in the performance and or
theattitude of employees.

 Exchange of ideas, information, instructions, guidelines

Through Effective communication most of the problems of
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management can be prevented, minimized and solved.

Communica
Leadership
tion
Tools

Motivation

5
Supervision

Types of Communication

Upward

Downward
Horizontal
Diagonal
Verbal
Non-Verbal
Formal
Informal

 It is concerned with facilitating employees at work

Managers performs the supervisory function at all levels
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It deals with observing on going work of subordinates, guiding

and instructing

To ensure that work is being performed as per the plan

Supervision

Leadership

Tools

Motivation

8
Communication

FUNCTIONS

Clarifies orders and instructions issued to subordinates and

ensures that they have understand and follow these fully
Ensures that subordinates have the required facilities to perform

their jobs;
Keeps a watch and guides the activities of subordinates in
performing their jobs;

Broadens the horizon of his subordinates by making them aware

of the wider aspects of their day-to-day work;
Coordinates the work of different subordinates under him;

Detects errors and omissions and ensures their rectification.

 Ability of a manager to motivate employees makes a significant

difference in managerial effectiveness.

Motivated employee hold high morale towards organization

Motivation

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Morale is one of the determinants of motivation

Leadership

Tools

Communication

10
Supervision

 With proper motivation there can be maximum utilization of

the factors of production like men, money, material etc.
If employees are motivated it will reduce employee turnover
and absenteeism;
Motivation fosters a sense of belongingness among the
employees towards the organization and also improves their
morale;
Motivation helps in reducing the number of complaints and
grievances. The wastage and accident rate also come down;
With proper motivational techniques management can attract
competent and best quality employees.

 The central tool of directing techniques.

A leader can lead, motivate, communicate and supervise employees

Guiding and Inspiring people towards goals

Leadership

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Effectiveness of leader determine the future of other directing techniques.

Motivation

Tools

Communication

12
Supervision

DIRECTING

1/8/2015

Meaning and Definition

Directing tools and
techniques

Leadership
Motivation
Communication
Supervision

Co-ordination

Meaning
Types

13

Coordination is a set of human and structural

mechanism designed to link the parts of enterprise
together to help to achieve the specified goal

TYPES OF CO-ORDINATION
Internal:
a)Vertical: Upward and Downward
b)Horizontal: Same level

External: Govt, Technology, competition, Market trends

etc.

EME

CONTROLLING

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Meaning

Types
Feed-forward
Concurrent
Feed-back

Process

19

CONTROLLING
Controlling is the measuring and correcting of activities
of subordinates to ensure that events conform to plans.
It is employed to make things happen in accordance with
the plans and programmes, rules and procedure laid
down.
Basic objective:- To enable managers to find out errors
and defects in course of work and take corrective actions.

PLANNING CONTROL RELATIONSHIP

Planning -------- Actions--------------Controlling

Plan directs the behavior and activities in the

organization. Control measures these behavior and
activities and suggests measures to remove deviations, if
any.

Most of the times we get information by control is used

for planning and re planning. Thus we can also draw the
above link like this Controlling----------Actions----------Planning

CONTROLLING CHARACTERISTICS
Control used to Standardize performance in order to
increase efficiency, lower costs and optimize
performance.
Control Devised to safeguard company assets
Controls used to measure the worker performance
Controls designed to measure and enhance worker
attitude.
Control designed to synchronize all operational activities
of the enterprise.

Control can focus on events before, during,

and after a process
Feedback

Feed Forward

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Concurrent

23

CONTROLLING
Meaning

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Types

Feed-forward
Concurrent
Feed-back

Process

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FEED FORWARD CONTROL

Feed-Forward
Control

Concurrent
Control

Feedback
Control

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Preliminary or preventive controls

Attempt to identify and prevent deviations in the
standards before they occur.
Feed forward controls focus on human, material,
and financial resources within the organization.
These controls are evident in the selection and
hiring of new employees.

25

CONCURRENT CONTROL

Example, many manufacturing operations include devices that

measure whether the items being produced meet quality standards.

Employees monitor the measurements; if they see that standards are
not being met in some area, they make a correction themselves or let
a manager know that a problem is occurring.

Feed-Forward
Control

Concurrent
Control

Feedback
Control

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Monitor ongoing employee activity to ensure consistency with

quality standards.
These controls rely on performance standards, rules, and
regulations for guiding employee tasks and behaviours.
ensure that work activities produce the desired results.

FEEDBACK CONTROL
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After Operations are completed

Mistake is already done
What is the level of achievement

Feed-Forward
Control

Concurrent
Control

Feedback
Control
27

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EXAMPLE:

a local automobile dealer can focus

on activities before, during, or after
sales of new cars.
Careful inspection of new cars and
cautious selection of sales employees
is to ensure high quality or profitable
sales even before those sales take
place.
Monitoring how salespeople act with
customers is a control during the
sales task
telephoning buyers about their
satisfaction with sales transactions
are controls after sales have
occurred.

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CONTROLLING
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Meaning
Types

Feed-forward
Concurrent
Feed-back

Process

29

BASIC CONTROL PROCESS

Setting Objectives
Establishing standards
Measuring Performance
Comparing performance
Correcting Deviation

CONTROL PROCESS
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Establishing
Standards

Specifying
Objectives

Tangible
Intangible

Measuring
Actual
Performance
Degree Of
Deviation
Detecting
Cause
Communication
cause to
responsible
person

Comparing
Actual with
Standards

Correctin
g
Deviation

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PROCESS OF CONTROL CONTD

Setting objectives:-Objective should be clear and
specific. General objectives like better education
may confuse.
Establishing Standards:- these are the criteria for
judging results. These standards may be quantative
(monetral, time) and qualitative (name, image ,
goodwill)
Measuring Performance:- It is to monitor and
measure the actual performance. It requires
collection of data that represents the actual
performance of the activity so that a comparison
can be made.

COMPARISON OF ACTUAL PERFORMANCE WITH

STANDARDS

Involves two steps:- Extent of deviation and causes

of deviation.
Correcting deviations :- It is the final step.

MANAGEMENT CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Two Types

Traditional and
Modern

Traditional Techniques
1.
2.

3.

Personal Observation
Statistical Data(helps where we deals with
numerical data like inventory control, productionpercentage , ratio, average, correlation is used )
Special Reports and Analysis(meant for some non
routine cases or deviations such as huge lossassigned to an investigating group)

MANAGEMENT CONTROL TECHNIQUES

4. Operational Audit
5. Budget and Budgetary Control
MODERN TECHNIQUES
1.
Return on investment= Sale/Investment X
Profit/Sales
2.
Responsibility Accounting(each person of function
is responsible for cost he is using and what cost
he was using in the past )
3.
Human Asset Accounting
4.
Management Audit (It examines companys plans,
objectives, policies , procedures etc)

AUTHORITY
Power to make decision which guide the action of
another.
Relates to the relationship between superior and
subordinate.
Sources of authority:

Formal authority
Acceptance of authority theory:- If the order of
senior is accepted by subordinate without any
hesitation it is known as zone of acceptance. As per
this theory acceptance of order is not necessary by
the subordinate
Competence theory:- depends on the leadership
qualities of a person

POWER
Capacity to exert influence over others.
Essence of power is control over the behavior of
others.
A managers power may be measured in terms of
the ability to :

Give rewards
Promise rewards
Threaten to withdraw current rewards
Threaten punishment
Punish

Authority
It is the legitimate right to do
something( to decide, to command)
It originates from the highest
position holders can be institutional
or professional
Authority resides in the position
One holds the authority as long as he
occupies the position
Authority may or may not be
respected or accepted
Authority flows downward

Power
It is the personal capability to
command, It may not be legitimate.
It is personal, free from institute and
position.
Power resides in the person.
Power is permanent cannot be taken
back as it has not been given.
Power is always accepted and
respected
Power flows at all direction