UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

PUBLIC HEALTH
CONCEPTS
Prof. Cindy Rose V. Misena, RPh, MOH
2nd semester, AY 2014-2015
20 November 2014

OBJECTIVES
To know the definition of health
To determine various concepts, perspectives and
determinants of health
To define globalization and its impact on health
To discuss different models of disease causation
theories
To know the evolution/historical background of Public
Health
To define Public Health and its core activities
To be aware of the major disciplines of Public Health
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

WHAT IS HEALTH?
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MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

Health Definition
State of being free from illness or injury
WHO Definition (1948): A state of complete
physical, mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Updated WHO Definition inclusion of socially
and economically productive life
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

Specific Dimensions of Health

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Physical
Mental
Social
Emotional
Spiritual

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

WHAT IS YOUR
PERSPECTIVE ON
HEALTH?

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MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

WHO Constitution:
The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard
of health is one of the fundamental rights of every
human being without distinction of race, religion,
political belief, economic or social condition.

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
1. Health Field Concept
2. Ecological Field Concept

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

Health Field Concept

1. Human Biology Genetic Counseling; Genetic
Engineering
2. Environment
3. Lifestyle/Behavior major determinant
4. Healthcare Organization resource on human
power, equipment, money

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

Ecological Field Concept

Physical
determinants

Socio-cultural

Health of
Community

Community
Organization

Behavioral
determinant

Figure 1. Ecological Field Concept Diagram (Gidey, G., 2006)

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

10-minute break
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MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
process of increasing political and social
interdependence and global integration that takes
place as capital, traded goods, persons, concepts,
images, ideas, and values diffuse across the
stated boundaries.

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
ON HEALTH
1. Accelerated economic growth and technological
advances have enhanced health and life
expectancy in many population
2. Increasing effects of international and bilateral
agencies

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

RISKS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Food markets and obesity as well as chemicals
in food
2. Rapid spread of infectious diseases
3. Adverse effects on the environment

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

MODEL OF DISEASE
CAUSATION THEORIES
19th century models:

a. Contagion Theory
b. Supernatural Theory

c. Personal Behavior Theory

d. Miasma Theory

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MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

MODEL OF DISEASE
CAUSATION THEORIES
20th century models:

a. Germ Theory
b. Lifestyle Theory

c. Environmental Theory
d. Multicausal Theory

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MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

5-minute break
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MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
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Public Health Evolution

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MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
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Historical Background

Ancient Societies (before 500 B.C.)

evidence of bathrooms, drainage systems
Book of Leviticus (1500 B.C.) guidelines
for personal cleanliness, sanitation of
campsites, disinfection of wells
Middle Ages (500-1500 A.D.) spiritual
cause and solutions to health problems
Renaissance Era (1500-1700 A.D.)
environmental cause
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MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

Historical Background

18th Century
industrialization / Edward Jenner / vaccination
against smallpox (1796)

19th Century
industrialization,
agricultural development

nutrition ; Luis Pasteurs Germ theory;

Robert Kochs postulate
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

Historical Background

20th Century
period of health resources and development
(1900-1960); social engineering (1960-1973);
health promotion (Primary Health Care), and
market period (1985 and beyond)

21st Century Challenge:

reduction of burden of excess morbidity and
mortality among the poor, threats of economic
crisis, unhealthy environment and lifestyle; and
development of effective health system
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

PUBLIC HEALTH
C.E.A. Winslow Definition (1920):
the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and

promoting health and efficiency through organized community

efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of
community infections, the education of the individual in

personal health, the organization of medical and nursing

services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of
disease, and the development of social machinery which will
ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living
adequate for the maintenance or improvement of health.
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

PUBLIC HEALTH
American Public Health Association (APHA)
Definition:
practice of preventing disease and promoting
good health within groups of people, from small
communities to entire countries; includes health
professionals from many fields working together
with the common purpose of protecting the health
of a population
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

KEY TERMS IN PUBLIC

HEALTH
Health Promotion guiding concept involving
activities intended to enhance individual and
community health well-being.
Elements of Health Promotion:
1. Addressing the health related issues of the
whole population as well as people at risk for
specific diseases
2. Directing action to risk factors or causes of
illness or death
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

3. Undertaking activities approach to seek out

and remedy risk factors in the community that
adversely affect health
4. Promoting factors that contribute to a better
condition of the health of the population
5. Initiating factors against health hazards,
including
communication,
education,
legislation, fiscal measures, organizational
change,
community
development
and
spontaneous local activities

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

6.

Involving public participation in defining

problems, deciding on action
7. Advocating relevant environmental, health and
social policy
8. Encouraging health professionals participation
in health education and health policy

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

KEY TERMS IN PUBLIC

HEALTH
Prevention goals of medicine that are to promote, to
preserve and to restore health when it is impaired and to
minimize suffering and distress.
3 Levels of Prevention:
1. Primary Prevention directed at the host and/or to
the environment
2. Secondary Prevention
management

early

diagnosis

and

3. Tertiary Prevention for rehabilitation, restoration and

maintenance of maximum function
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

CORE ACTIVITIES OF PUBLIC

HEALTH
1. Preventing epidemics
2. Protecting the environment, workplace, food
and water
3. Promoting health behavior
4. Monitoring the health status of the population
5. Mobilizing community action

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

CORE ACTIVITIES OF PUBLIC

HEALTH
6. Responding in disasters
7. Assuring the quality, accessibility and
accountability of medical care
8. Reaching to develop new insights and
innovative solutions; and
9. Leading the development of sound health
policy and planning

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

MAJOR DISCIPLINES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Nutrition
Reproductive Health
Environmental Health
Health Education
Epidemiology

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

MAJOR DISCIPLINES
6. Health Economics
7. Biostatistics
8. Health Service Management
9. Ecology
10. Research
11. Demography

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

REFERENCES
Evans, Marion Willard Jr., DC, PhD, CHES. (n.d). Basic Concepts in Public
Health. USA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC, pages 1-14.
Friis, Robert H., PhD. 2010. Epidemiology 101. Massachusetts: Jones and
Bartlett Publishers, LLC, pages 3-5.
Gidey, Gebrezgi, M.D., Sadik Taju, M.D., Ato Seifu Hagos. 2006. Introduction to
Public Health: Lecture Notes for Health Science Students. Ethiopia:
USAID pages 1-40.
Tortora, Gerard J., Berdell R. Funke and Christine L. Case. 1995. Microbiology:
An Introduction. Philippines: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing
Company, Inc., pages 1-11.
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

END OF LECTURE
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY