NATURE OF LIGHT

Light is a form of energy which is radiated by bodies whose

temperatures are increased. The energy transmitted by the sun is

received without heating or lighting the space in between and

without any obvious transmitting agency such as copper conductors
in case of electrical energy. The energy is released when it strikes a
solid object. The energy radiated in such a fashion is called radiant
energy .Visible light wavelength varies from 4000 to 7000 angstrom.

ARC LAMPS: An arc lamp or arc light is a lamp that produces light by

an electric arc (also called a voltaic arc). The carbon arc light, which
consists of an arc between carbon electrodes in air, invented by
Humphrey Davy in the early 1800s, was the first practical electric light.

ELECTRIC LIGHT BULB: An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp

or incandescent light globe is an electric light which produces light

with a wire filament heated to a high temperature by an electric
current passing through it, until it glows.

CFL : A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact

fluorescent light, energy-saving light, and compact fluorescent tube,
is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent lamp.
LEDs: Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps are used for both general and

special-purpose lighting.

Luminance is a photometric measure of the luminous

intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction.
It describes the amount of light that passes through or is
emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid
angle.

Laws of illumination

1) Inverse square law

2) Lamberts cosine law

 To extend the useful hours in the day

To assist the performance of a visual task
To display or reveal something

1)Task Lighting
2) Accent Lighting
3)General Lighting(Ambient Light)

Task Lighting

Accent Lighting

General Lighting

FACTORY LIGHTING:
Factory lighting should be such that it provides sufficient light without
glare to the workmen.

FLOOD LIGHTING:
It is employed for flooding any open large surface with light. High rating of filament
lamps or discharge lamps are used for this purpose.

METHODS OF LIGHTING
Downlighting
Uplighting
Frontlighting
Backlighting

Downlighting is most common, with fixtures on or recessed in the ceiling

casting light downward
Has dramatic problems with glare and excess energy consumption due to
large number of fittings.
The introduction of LED lighting has greatly improved this by approx.
90%

Uplighting is less common, often used to bounce indirect light off the ceiling
and back down
Uplighting (indirect) uses a diffuse surface to reflect light in a space and can
minimize disabling glare

More uniform presentation of the light output in operation

Indirect lighting is completely reliant upon the reflectance value of the surface.

Front lighting is also quite common, but tends to make the subject
look flat as its casts almost no visible shadows.

Lighting from the side is the less common, as it tends to produce glare near eye level
Backlighting either around or through an object is mainly for accent.

LIGHTING SCHEMES
DIRECT LIGHTING:
In this scheme, light falls directly on the object to be illuminated
All the possibilities which will cause glare on eyes have to be
eliminated
Dirt if accumulated on the lamp, shade or diffuser will decrease
the luminous intensity and further it will no more remain equally
distributed.

INDIRECT LIGHTING:
It is widely employed for illuminating drawing offices, workshops etc.
where shadows are to be eliminated, but light requirement is more than
direct lighting ( 50-100%).
The lamps are placed in opaque type shades
The maximum light is thrown towards the ceiling from where it reaches
the object by diffusion or reflection.

SEMI-DIRECT SYSTEM:
This system is efficient and reduces the chances of glare to the eye to a
considerable extent.
The shades used re of such a type that about 60%of the light s directed
downwards and 40% is projected upwards.
It provides almost a uniform distribution of lights which increases efficiency.

SEMI-INDIRECT LIGHTING:
In this system, the light received by an object is due to:
Diffused reflection
Directly thrown

GENERAL DIFFUSING SYSTEM:

In this system, shades employed will produce equal distribution upwards and
downwards.

DESIGN OF LIGHTING SCHEME

For designing a lighting scheme, he following factors should be
taken into consideration:
1.Space height ratio
2.Utilization factor
3.Depreciation factor

SPACE HEIGHT RATIO

It is defined as the ratio of horizontal distance between lamps and
mounting height of the lamps.
When reflectors are used, this value is between 1 and 2.

Utilization factor:
It is given as the ratio of total lumens utilised on working planes and the lumens
radiated by the lamp.

The value of this coefficient depends on:

Area to be illuminated
Height at which the lamps are fitted
Colour of surrounding walls, ceilings and fittings
Type of lighting direct or indirect

Depreciation factor
When lamps are covered with dust, dirt and smoke, they do not radiate out the
same amount of flux as when they do at the time of fitting.
The depreciation factor takes into account all losses of flux.