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CHAPTER 2 :
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
Element
Compound
Atom
Molecule
Ion
The smallest
neutral particle of
an element that
can take part in a
chemical reaction
A group of two or
more atoms that
are chemically
bonded together
A positivelycharged or
negativelycharged particle
Neon gas
Hydrogen gas
Ammonia gas
Sodium chloride
Historical Development of
Atomic Models
John Daltons
Positively charged
sphere
J. J. Thomsons
Negatively charged
electron
Ernest Rutherfords
Nucleus that
contains protons
Electron
Niels Bohrs
Electron
shell
James Chadwicks
Electron
Nucleus
that contains
protons and
neutrons
Electron
shell
Representation of Element
Nucleon number
23
11
Na
Symbol of Element
Proton number
Nucleon number = number of neutrons + number of protons
Proton number = number of protons
Nucleus
ee-
11p
12n
eee-
meaning
Isotopes
Uses of
radioisotopes
Particles
are loosely
packed and not in
orderly manner
Vibrate, rotate and
glide on one another
Intermediate
attraction forces
between the particles
Higher energy
contents
DIFFUSION
7
The rate of diffusion
are highest in gases
INTER-CONVERSION OF STATES
OF MATTER
Heat absorbed
Heat released
HEATING CURVE
F
COOLING
CURVE
A
D
B
E
C
E
D
F