DC MACHINES

Construction

Electrical Machine

AC Generator

The AC output can be

converted to DC output
using a Rectifier.
+

Thus AC generator can

be converted to DC
generator.

When A side
coil is near
North Pole and
rotor rotating
anti-clockwise
direction.
2
Negative

1
Positive

Brushes are perpendicular to Field axis.

For every one set of poles, one set of Brushes will exist.

For every one set of poles, one set of Brushes will exist.

For every one set of poles, one set of Brushes will exist.

With two coils

connected
to same
commutator,
the output will
have
less ripple.
With N-coils
the ripple will
be very very
less.

Three
series
connected
conductors are under the
influence of North Pole and
three
series
connected
conductors are under the
influence of South Pole.
If N conductors are there in
place of 3 conductors, then
N
series
connected
conductors are under the
influence of North Pole and
N
series
connected
conductors are under the
influence of South Pole.

Two
series
connected
conductors are under the
influence of North Pole and
two
series
connected
conductors are under the
influence of South Pole.
If N conductors are there in
place of 3 conductors, then
N-1
series
connected
conductors are under the
influence of North Pole and
N-1
series
connected
conductors are under the
influence of South Pole.

North Pole

ROTOR

South Pole

As the rotor rotates with time, the flux

linkages with the series connected
conductors linearly varies.

Na is the number of turns in

one side of coil in series

Angular Velocity =

Average Voltage,

Average DC Output Voltage

Za is the total number of turns of both

the sides of coil in series.

Armature Winding
The coil ends are connected to
Commutator segments.

One turn connected in series

These connections are made by connecting the commutator segments.

Number of Commutator segments are equal to number of coil sides

or two times the coils.

DC generator rotor with two coils.

Two coils, four coil sides and four Commutator segments.

Slots with coils

Rotor

Commutator

Commutator Segments

Brushes
Shaft

Every set of poles will have one set of BRUSHES.

The set of BRUSHES are always perpendicular to
the set of magnetic poles in DC Machines.

Brushes

Two sets of poles and two sets of BRUSHES.

4-Poles and 4-Brushes

General assembly of DC Machine

Shaft

60

LAP WINDING

WAVE WINDING


=
60

Induced voltage control of DC Generator

=

60
Induced voltage depends on Field flux
and rotor speed N (RPM).
For constant rotor speed Induced
voltage depends on Field flux

60

Equivalent circuit DC Generator

The field winding is excited from an external

source.
This type of generator is called
separately excited generator.

Separately excited DC Generator

=
By controlling , can be controlled and hence the field flux, .
This results in induced Voltage control. The output voltage can be
controlled from almost zero volts to rated voltage.

Open Circuit Characteristics.

For = 0, and rotor rotating with
fixed speed, the relation between
the field current and output
voltage provides the Open Circuit
Characteristics.

60

=

60

Residual magnetism is because of DC field excitation

Critical speed

The speed, at which the Rf line becomes

tangential to the magnetizing curve, is known
as Critical speed. If the prime-mover speed is
less than critical speed the machine will not
act as Generator.

Armature Reaction

Rotor rotating clockwise.

Per pole flux reduces by armature reaction so the induced
voltage reduces.

Generator Characteristics
Internal characteristics
Plot between Ea and IL
External characteristics
Plot between VL (or VT ) and IL

In this generator, the field is connected in parallel with the armature.

Generally a large number of turns with less current rating is used in
the shunt generator.

Shunt Generator Characteristics

Series Generator Characteristics

In this generator, the field is connected in series with the armature and load.
As complete load current flows through the field winding,
generally small number of turns with thick size wire is used
for series field winding.

Series Generator Characteristics

Field Winding details of DC Machine

Compound Generator (Series + shunt fields)

= = +
=

= + ( + )

As Shunt and Series field winding currents are opposite this

is known as Differential compound generator.
As Shunt field is after series field winding, this is known as
long Shunt.

DC Generator

DC Motor

Rotor rotates in clock-wise direction. If Input voltage is

reversed the motor rotates in anti-clockwise direction.

DC Motor
Because DC Motor rotor is rotating and
field flux is there, induced voltage Ea is
generated which is equal to:

=
.
60
The direction of this voltage is to
oppose the cause generating it as per
Lenzs Law.

Separately Excited DC Motor

= =

Equivalent circuit DC Motor

The field winding is excited from an external

source and hence called as separately excited
Motor.

Separately excited DC Motor

=

=

Speed control of DC Motor

=

60

= k

N
per pole
= +
= k +

Separately excited DC Motor

VS

IaRa

Input Current (Ia)

= Constant

Speed control of DC Motor

Torque-Speed Characteristics
separately excited(Or Shunt) DC Motor

DC Series Motor

DC Series Motor

DC Series Motor

DC Motor Starting
R1
R2
R3

(AC Machine Slip-rings + Commutator) =DC Machine

Commutator

COMMUTATOR

BRUSH

DC Machine