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Definition
Classification
Description
Transcription
Allophonic rules
definition
eg. /p, k, s, t, j/
Speech organs (articulators)
classification
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
Voicing
place of articulation
/b, p, d, t, g, k/
/v, f, z, s, Z, h, D, T, S/
/dZ, tS/
manner of articulation
plosive + b + d + g
- p - t - k
fricative + v +D + z + Z - h
- f -T - s -S
affricate + dZ
- tS
nasal + m + n + Î
lateral + l
approxi + w + r + j
mant
Description of consonants
1.Plosives 4. Nasals
2.Fricatives 5. Laterals
3.Affricates 6. Approximants
plosives
Features
Stages of plosives
Description
features of plosives
Place of articulation
Force of articulation
Aspiration
Voicing
place of articulation
/p, t, k/ /b, d, g/
more muscular energy,
less muscular energy,
stronger breath
weaker breath
FORTIS LENIS
ASPIRATION
in syllable-initial position
ASPIRATED
voicing
FULL VOICED
THREE STAGES OF PLOSIVES
closure
abruptly
description of bilabial plosives
closure by lips
silence
Features
Description
features of fricatives
Place of articulation
Force of articulation
Voicing
place of articulation
/h/: glottal
force of articulation
/f, T, s, S/ /v, D, z,
more muscular energy,
less muscular
Z/ energy,
stronger breath
weaker breath
FORTIS LENIS
voicing
FULL VOICED
description of labiodental fricatives
voiceless: /f/
voiced: /v/
air released
/f, v/
description of dental fricatives
voiceless: / T /
voiced: /D/
air released
/s, z/
description of palato-alveolar fricatives
Voiceless
no closure
Features
Description
features of nasals
to those of pharynx
air released
/m/
description of alveolar nasal
closure by tongue, tip ridge and
upper side teeth,
air released
/r /
description of bilabial approximant /w/
Broad transcription
Narrow transcription
BROAD NARROW
TRANSCRIPTION TRANSCRIPTION
A transcription that A transcription that shows
uses a simple set of more phonetic details by
symbols. using more specific symbols,
or by representing some
allophonic differences.
Also called phonemic Also called phonetic
transcription transcription
Consists of phonemic Consists of phonemic
symbols between two symbols and diacritics
slanting lines between two square brackets
peak /pi:k/ peak [phi:k]
twin /twin/ twin [twoin]
20 Allophonic rules
rule 1
-voiced
+stop when syllable-initial
+aspirated
/p,t,k/
‘testy’: [thsti]
rule 2
Obstruents = plosives + fricatives
/b, d, g, v, D, Z, z/
+voiced partially
when syllable-final
+obstruent voiced
except when followed by a
voiced sound
+approximant after
-voiced
/w, r, j/ [+aspirated, +plosive]
cue [kjou]
rule 5
-voiced
after /s/ at the beginning
-aspirated
+plosive of a syllable
/p, t, k/
stew [stoju:]
rule 6
+plosive
before [+plosive]
/p,b,t, unexploded
d,k,g/
act [{kot]
-voiced +glottal
after vowel and plosive
+plosive
at end of syllable -voiced
/p,t,k/
+plosive
pit [pi t]
kick [ki k]
rule 10
-voiced
before nasal +glottal
+alveolar
in same word plosive
+plosive
/t/
chasm /k{zm/
channel /tS{nl/
/t/
+alveolar
before dental (D, T)
/d,t,z,s, +dental
n,l/
wealth [welT]
kept /kept/
give /gIv/
rule 16
in open syllable
+vowel longer
in stressed syllable
+vowel longer
+front before
retracted
+vowel syllable-final /l/
Definition
Classification
Description
Transcription
Allophonic rules
Exercise
insect gesture
sudden effect
mother fishing
market danger