Experimental Stress Analysis

Moire Fringes
MEC 445

Mechanical Engineering
Amrita Vishwavidyapeetham

Brittle Coatings
Strain gauges is able to find out strains at a particular location.
If we have a known situation about the area of maximum stress
concentration we can find out the strains comfortably.
In some cases we have a large industrial problem, where the
component is so huge and we have no clue how to get started on the
problem
In such cases the brittle coating is the first step.

Brittle Coatings
In this technique a thin coat of material that fails in a brittle fashion is
sprayed onto the specimen
The specimen is loaded in stages and after every increment of the
load, the cracks that have formed on the surface is carefully noted.
The accuracy of the technique will be a function of the property of the
coating that is sprayed on the specimen.
If the coating fails at lower value of strain its better.
In this method the load is applied I an incremental fashion.

Brittle Coatings

Brittle Coating method is used to fid out the principal stress direction.

The crack indicate the principal stress direction.

The coating material is failed in a brittle fashion.

Isoentatic patterns are used to find out the quantitative assessments of the stresses
developed.

Combination of strain gauges and brittle coating technique has lot of advantages.

We know the principal stress directions from Isostatics.

By this we can reduce the number of channels in strain gauge implementation.

Brittle Coatings
The principal stress direction at a point of interest is tangential to
the crack at that point.
The failure strain of the coating decides the minimum strain that the
technique can detect.
Poisson's ratio plays a crucial role in all coating techniques.
Mismatches in poisons ratio can create errors.
The failure behavior of the coating strongly depends on the
environment and adequate precautions are needed while conducting
the experiment.

Holography
Holography gives the
complete information. Both
intensity and phase
information.
Photography-Holography

Illuminated by
White Light

Illuminated by
White Light

Holography
What is Phase?

Holography is the process of recording and

reconstructing the complete optical wave front
reflected from an object

In conventional photography one records only

the intensity information of the wave front.

In addition to the intensity information, in

holography the phase of the wave front is also
recorded.

The phase of the wave front is recorded by

employing the principles of interferometry.

Holography
The phase information is recorded as interference fringes.
When the observation point is moved horizontally different
perspective of the object is seen.
We are able to get the 3-Dimensional effect of the recording.
The recording medium should have a high resolution to
record this information.

Holography
Unlike conventional photography, the holographic record of
the object have no resemblance to the original image but only
density packed interferometric fringes.
The hologram needs to be reconstructed to view the threedimensional object.

Holography

Recording of the hologram is a sensitive and involved process. However

the reconstruction is fairly simple.

This has made holography attractive for addressing security issues- as it

is difficult to copy.

Though for measurement purposes one uses a laser for reconstruction,

with advancements in technology it has been possible to construct
holograms that could be reconstructed using white light.

Such holograms are termed as rainbow holograms.

Holography
Rainbow hologram

These are made by double holographic process.

We want to have the reconstruction without going in to complicated optical

arrangements.

An ordinary hologram is used as the object and a second hologram is made

through a slit.

The slit process removes the coherence requirement of the viewing light
and hence the object could be viewed with white light.

Holography
Rainbow hologram

A horizontal slit limits the vertical perspective of the original hologram

and the rainbow hologram retains the three-dimensional character only
when the eyes are moved horizontally.

If the rainbow hologram is viewed by moving the eyes vertically, the

image colour sweeps through the rainbow spectrum from blue to red.

One of the common application of holography is hologram stickers.

Hologram Interferometry

Classical interferometry was limited to measurements of small path

length difference.

This was primarily because the coherence and mono-chromaticity of

light used in interferometers were poor.

Extension of classical interferometry to three-dimensional objects with

nonplanar surfaces has become possible with hologram interferometry.

Hologram Interferometry

Hologram interferometry can be broadly classified as

Double-exposure Hologram Interferometry.
Simple but one can see fringes only after recording .
Real-time Hologram Interferometry
Observe fringes while the model is loaded.
Time-averaged Hologram Interferometry
Useful for recording mode shapes in vibration measurement.

Hologram Interferometry

One of the very first application of Holography was to find the mode shapes
of vibrating object.

Quantitative analysis of fringes is quite complicated.

By choosing appropriate optical arrangements, holography can be used to

find the complete displacement vector or specific components of
displacements of the deformed object.